Drug concentration at t=0 (drug- IV)

The onset time corresponds to time when

For a drug to exert its pharmacologic activity the plasma concentration should

The tmax is when

The duration of action is when

Most important and most common parenteral parenteral administration route- into the peripheral vein

IV given in large dose dissolved in a vehicle

IV given over a period

Into the artery

Use of intraarterial

Into the heart chamber - heart muscles and ventricles

The most common extravascular route * The drug undergoes complete first pass effect

Phenomenon of a drug metabolism whereby the concentration of the drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation

Placement of drug under the tongue *Bypass the first pass effect

Drug is placed between cheeks and gums

Intramuscular is the only route that permits _________ volume of fluid

Common sites of intramuscular injection

Delivery of drug deep into the muscle is called ___________ effect

Tissue damage caused by subcutaneous injection

Only takes effect at the site of administration

2 layers of phospholipids between two surface layers of protein The hydrophilic head groups of the phospholipids facing the protein layers and the hydrophobic tail groups aligned in the interior.- semipermeable membrane

Injected directly into the spine

The ______________ head groups of the phospholipids facing the protein layers and the __________________ tail groups aligned in the interior. -semi permeable membrane

Numerical valve that reflect the needle diameter. The higher the number, the smaller the diameter

Easy passage

Difficult passage

States that ionizable compounds penetrate biological membranes primarily in the unionized form

In ph partition theory, the ionizable compounds penetrate biological membranes primarily in the ___________ forms

Acidic drugs are best absorbed at ____________ ph

Basic drugs are best absorbed at _______________ ph

In Ph partition theory, despite their high degree of ionization (ph < pka), weak acids are highly absorbed in small intestine. Why?

Ratio of drug solubility (at equilibrium) in a non-aqueous solvent (n-octanol) to that in an aqueous solvent (water, ph 7.4 buffer solution)

Balance between hydrophillic and lipophillic

Dissolution rate is governed by

Rate limiting step in drug absorption

Process by which a solid drug substance is dissolved in a solvent over time

___________ particle size, ___________ surface area, ______________ dissolution rate

Two types of crystal forms

Irregular shape Less stable Faster rate of dissolution

Regular shape More stable Slower dissolution rate

Crystal forms or

Other term for solvates

Crystal formation after addition of solvent

What does polymorphism affect

Arrangement of a drug substance in various molecular packing (crystal forms)

Drugs susceptible to acid have reduced bioavailability

Refers to any combination with the drug that results to altered properties

Drug interaction is also known as

Excipient factors

Excipient factor that is hydrophobic = reduced dissolution

Excipient factors: Less disintegrant = reduced dissolution

Excipient factors: Provides protection= prevents drug inactivation or degradation in the stomach

Ldf have _______________ rate of absorption than sdf

The ability of the drug to be absorbed and used by the body

Bioavailability is the _______ and _________ at which drug enters the ___________________________ thereby accessing the site of action

Bioavailability is the ____________ (relative amount) of drug that reaches the general circulation

auc measures the _________________ of drug in the body

auc measures the ______________ of bioavailability

What rule is associated with auc

Trapezoidal rule compute the ___________ of each trapezoid

Types of bioavailability

•comparison of non IV dosage forms •oral solution vs oral tablets

•non iv vs iv Standard: IV because it has 100%F

Refers to the comparison of bioavailabilities of different formulations, drug products, or batches of the same drug products -established when two drugs have similar BA

Bioequivalence measure the ___________ ratio, ________ ratio, and ________ ratio

Process of dispensing different brand or unbranded drug product in place of the prescribed drug product

In drug substitution, substituted drug must have the same ______________, but differ in _____________

Process of dispensing pharmaceutical alternative for the prescribed drug product

Same API Different salt, esters, complex, dosage forms

Example of phrmaceutical alternative

Same api, salt, ester, complex, dosage form, quality Different shape, release mechanism, packaging,excipients, labeling

Same therapeutic category Different generic name

Example of therapeutic alternative

•safe and effective •pharma equivalents •they are bioequivalents •adequately labeled •compliant with cgmp guidelines