In order to avoid the primary beam while raking dental images, you should stand at a ___-degree to ____-degree angle to the beam

One gray is equivalent to _______ rad(s)

The fundamental unit of matter is the

Your X-ray machine runs off 110 volts. Theoretically what would occur if there was no step-down transformer in the X-ray control panel?

What specific mechanism of radiation injury may result in the formation of hydrogen peroxide when. X-ray energy is absorbed by patients?

Radiation is defines as

The nucleus of an atom contains

Which of the following cells would be the most sensitive to X-rays ?

The primary dictum of operator protection guidelines is that the operator must

Your patient was out in the hot, bright sun yesterday. While in the sun she began experiencing pain and noticed her skin had turned bright red. Shortly after arriving home, she began to experience chills, nausea, severe pain, and blistering. Why would your patient experience the symptoms so quickly?

Which of the following four possibilities that can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with matter is responsible for producing densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible ?

A nonthreshold dose-response curve suggests that

Within the X-ray tube, electrons are generated by the

The purpose of the anode is to

Which of the following statements is true of ionization ?

Your patient is receiving radiation treatments for Brest cancer. She reports having a burnin sore throat and great difficulty swallowing. Which stage of the radiation injury sequence is your patient in ?

Which of the following type of position-indicating devices (PIDs) produce excess scatter radiation ?

Precautions should be taken during dental imaging procedures to which of the following critical organs in the head and neck regions? (1) skin, (2) thyroid gland, (3) lens of the eye, and (4) bone marrow

Interaction with the X-ray photon as a result of the photoelectric effect is harmful to the patient beacuse ionization occurs

You could be exposed to each of these radiation sources in your daily activities. Which of these sources is human-made?

Inherent filtration in the dental X-ray tube head

The lead collimator

Risk estimates suggest (1) that death is more likely to occur from common activities than from dental imaging procedures and (2) that cancer is much more likely to be unrelated to dental imaging radiation exposure

A 1 in 1 million risk of a fatal outcome is associated with which of the following activities?

Which form of the X-ray beam is most detrimental to the patient and operator ?

Which would you adjust if you wanted to produce characteristic radiation?

(1) radiation is the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles. (2) radioactivity can be defined as the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state.

A radiograph is defined as

Your patient is concerned about radiation exposure. Which of the following explanations would you give to your patient to help calm her concerns ?

Which would you adjust if you wanted to create a larger electron cloud ?

Stochastic biologic effects from radiation

Which of the following can you do after X-ray receptor exposure to reduce(s) the amount of x-radiation your patient receives?

Which of the following components of the X-ray machine would have two indicator lights?

The bombing at Nagasaki and Hiroshima took place in 1945; an increase in the incidence of cancer was noted in 1956. Which of effects apply to the cancer incidence ?

Electromagnetic radiation

Cathode rays are derived from which of the following types of particulate radiation?

The traditional unit of dose is called

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?

An ion pair results when

Which of the following would you place in the patient’s mouth in order to take dental X-rays ?

Heat is a byproduct of X-ray production. Which component of the xray tube head dissipates the heat created by the production of X-rays ?

Which of the following statements is true of ionizing radiation?

Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the following is the correct response?

Which of the following statements is true of orbits or shells in the atom ?

Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the US using a live person ?

A circular collimator produces a cone-shaped beam that is ________ inch(es) in diameter

The spontaneous emmision of radiation from the disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei is

Which of the following statements is true of characteristic radiation?

Your patient had X-rays taken in her previous dental office. She noticed that the long metal tube at the end of the X-ray head is longer than it was at the other office. What explanation would you give for the purpose of the tube, attached to the X-ray head?

Which of the following statements is true of the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States ?

Current fast radiograph film requires ___% less exposure time than the initial exposure times used in 1920

_________ is/are the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure (0.00053 Sv/year)

Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique?

Which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation : (1) rapidly dividing,(2) slowly dividing, (3) young, and/or (4) old?

The indirect theory proposes that

A film badge

Which of the following statements is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury?

Added filtration in the dental X-ray tube head

The use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by ___%

Which of the following combinations will result in the lowest absorbed dose for the patient from a 29-film series of dental radiographs ?

Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging ?

Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?

The “Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs” state that

Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of X-rays ?

Photons are

A rectangular collimator

(1) X-ray photon production occurs as a result of both general and characteristic radiation. (2) general radiation accounts for a small number of X-ray photons produced beacuse it takes high kv to dislodge the electrons from the K shells

(1) all ionizing radiations cause damage to living tissues (2) although very little radiations is used in dentistry, damage to the cells does occurs

The X-ray was discovered by

Your patient is concerned about being exposed to dental X-rays. Which of the following could you tell your patient to alleviate her fears ?

Which of the following should you do prior to taking X-rays to protect your patient from radiation exposure?

Which of the following statements is true of somatic effects of irradiation?

The SI equivalent of the rem is

Which of the following is the least sensitive to X-rays ?

Which of the following elements is the simplest atom?

Which of the following is associated with long-term radiation effects?

Which property of X-rays allows for the image on the receptor?

Which type of PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure?

Which is the most common possibility when an X-ray photon interacts with matter?

____ refers to the total amount of radiation that is received or absorbed

Cellular injuries following the latent period may include (1) cell death, (2) cessation of mitotic activity, and/or (3) abnormal mitotic activity

In the dental X-ray tube, the number of electrons created is controlled by

(1) more radiation damage takes place with high dose rates (2) because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for cellular damage to be repaired

The binding energy it binding force of an electrons is

Explain to your patient the steps, in order, in the formation of hydrogen peroxide, a toxin that will cause damage to living tissues. 1. Free radicals combine 2. Free radicals formation 3. Cellular dysfunction and biologic damage 4. X-ray photons are absorbed by water

Thermionic emission electrons occurs at the

Which subatomic particles carries a negative electrical charge ?

Radiation monitoring can be used to protect the dental radiographer and includes monitoring of

The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individual is about _____ the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously

According to the dose-response curve, when dose and damages are plotted on a graph, a _____________ relationship is seen

State and federal laws require that dena X-ray machines operating above 70kVp have a minimum total ( inherent plus added filtration) of ____ mm of aluminum filtration

The thyroid collar

Which of the following is an example of stochastic effects?

Approximately what percentage of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to X-rays at the anode ?

The lead apron

__-speeed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available

The collimator __________

On some dental X-ray machines, only the ______ can be altered; the other parameters are preset by the manufacturer

Uranium is example of ________ radiation

Which of the following statements is true of the wave concept of electromagnetic radiation?