At what age does Freud’s phallic stage of psychosexual devel- opment compare with Erikson’s psychosocial phase of initiative versus guilt?

Which relationship is of most concern to the nurse because of its importance in the formation of the personality?

A nurse concludes that a client is using displacement. Which behavior has the nurse identified?

In the process of development the individual strives to main- tain, protect, and enhance the integrity of the self. The nurse determines that this usually is accomplished through the use of:

A client diagnosed with major depression tells a nurse, “No matter what I do, everything turns out bad.” The nurse concludes that this is an example of:

A male college student who is smaller than average and unable to participate in sports becomes the life of the party and a stylish dresser. What defense mechanism should the nurse determine that the client is using?

A staff member tells a nurse that an older client gets irritable when asked to assist with activities of daily living. On what general information about older adults should the nurse base a response?

The parents of a toddler who was recently diagnosed with moderate retardation discuss their child’s future indepen- dent functioning. What should the nurse conclude?

On which generally accepted concept of personality devel- opment should a nurse base care?

A 6-year-old child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Con- sidering the child’s cognitive developmental level, which explanation of the illness is most appropriate?

Which individual is coping with issues concerning depen- dence versus independence?

A 17-year-old teenager is diagnosed with leukemia. Which statements by the teenager reflect Piaget’s cognitive processes associated with adolescence? Select all that apply.

A person mowing the lawn is badly disfigured by the lawn mower blade. According to Erikson’s theory, which age will demonstrate the greatest risk of longer-term psychological effects?

A nurse is interviewing an 8-year-old girl who was admitted to the pediatric unit. Which statement by the child needs to be explored?

A nurse must consider a child’s cognitive level of develop- ment when providing preoperative teaching. At which stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory should the nurse anticipate a child will experience the greatest fear of surgery?

After a child’s visit to a health care provider, a parent tells the nurse, “I am very upset. An antidepressant was prescribed for my child.” What is the nurse’s best response?

A nurse greets a client who had been experiencing delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations by saying, “Good evening. How are you?” The client, who has been referring to himself as “man,” answers, “The man is bad.” Of what is this an example?

A client with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder has negative feelings toward the other clients on the unit and considers them all to be “bad.” Which defense was the client using when this statement was made?

In response to a question posed during a group meeting, the nurse explains that the superego is that part of the self that says:

Incidents of child molestation often are revealed years later when the victim is an adult. Which defense mechanism reflects this situation?

A client with diabetes mellitus is able to discuss in detail the diabetic metabolic process while eating a piece of chocolate cake. What defense mechanism does the nurse identify when evaluating this behavior?

An older adult tells the nurse, “I regret many of the choices I have made during my life.” Which of Erikson’s develop- mental conflicts does the nurse identify that the client has probably failed to accomplish?

A client states, “I get down on myself when I make a mistake.” When a cognitive therapy approach is used, which nursing interventions are most appropriate? Select all that apply.

A psychiatric unit uses a behavioral approach to determine a client’s level of privileges. Which factor should a nurse use to determine an increase in privileges?

A nurse is teaching a class about child abuse. What defense mechanism most often used by the physically abusive individual should the nurse include?

A nurse is planning to teach a client about self-care. What level of anxiety will best enhance the client’s learning abilities?

A client is scheduled for several diagnostic studies. Which behavior best indicates to the nurse that the client has received adequate preparation?

Before discharge of an anxious client, the nurse should teach the family that anxiety can be recognized as:

What should a nurse conclude that a client is doing when using the defense mechanism of sublimation?