is a biological process in which the pollen from one plant's male reproductive organs is transferred to the female reproductive organs of another plant of the same species

In the 1920s, scientists realized that _______ could be induced in seeds by using chemical mutagens or by exposure to X-rays or gamma rays.

____________ in plants is a method used to create new plant varieties with desired traits by inducing mutations in their DNA.

is a term used in biology to describe a cell's ability to develop into any cell type in an organism.

is a technique used in plant tissue culture propagation.

is defined as a group of undifferentiated mass of cells.

The explant is placed onto a culture medium that contains combination of ________ such as SUGAR, VITAMINS, MINERALS, and PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

The culture medium and explant are placed in a controlled environment

Periodically, the callus is transferred to ______ culture media to maintain its growth and prevent it from differentiating into specific cell types or tissues.

Periodically, the callus is transferred to fresh culture media to maintain its growth and prevent it from differentiating into specific cell types or tissues.

Depending on the specific goals of the tissue culture, the callus can be induced to differentiate into specific types of plant tissues, such as roots, shoots, or somatic embryos, by altering the composition of the culture medium and growth conditions.

refers to a technique used for growing and maintaining plant cells, tissues, or microorganisms in a liquid medium, typically laboratory setting.

Liquid culture media for plant cells typically contain essential nutrients, including:

used to prevent contamination by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms, the liquid culture medium must be sterilized.

Plant material is introduced into the sterile liquid culture medium. This can include explants (pieces of plant tissue), callus tissue, or suspension cultures of plant cells.

Over time, plant cultures can become crowded and may lose their vigor.

_______ in plants involve modifications to the DNA structure or the proteins (histones) associated with DNA, without altering the DNA sequence itself.

can influence gene expression, tissue differentiation, and responses to stress and environmental conditions.

________in plants refer to alterations in the DNA sequence of the plant's genome.

can occur due to various factors, including mutations caused by radiation, chemicals, errors during DNA replication, or naturally occurring variations.

is a field of biotechnology that involves the deliberate alteration of a plant's genetic material to achieve specific desirable traits or characteristics.

can enhance the yield of crop plants by increasing resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stressors.

example of genetic engineering is soybean resistant to _______ allows the farmer to kill the weeds in the field without harming the soybeans

Is a well-established technique in plant biotechnology, particularly for the genetic transformation of dicotyledonous plants. 

Researchers typically start by selecting a Ti plasmid that _____ the genes responsible for causing plant tumors but retains the necessary genes for transferring the T-DNA into plant cells.

refers to a type of plasmid or DNA construct that is used to introduce foreign genes into plant cells.

The binary vector carrying the gene of interest is introduced into __________ using heat shock or electroporation.

The binary vector carrying the gene of interest is introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens using heat shock or electroporation.

uses calcium chloride to neutralize electrostatic repulsion between the plasmid DNA and bacterial cellular membrane.

is designates the use of SHORT HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSES to overcome the barrier of the cell membrane.

The Agrobacterium carrying the binary vector is cultured to reach a high density.

Plant tissue, such as leaf disks or explants, is then infected with the Agrobacterium.

The infected plant tissue is allowed to co-cultivate with the Agrobacterium for a period of time.

After co-cultivation, the plant tissue is transferred to a selection medium that contains antibiotics or herbicides.

The transformed plants are further analyzed to confirm the presence of the desired gene and to ensure its proper integration into the plant's genome.

Once confirmed, the transformed plants are propagated through conventional breeding or tissue culture.

Before any genetically modified plant can be grown commercially or released into the environment, it must undergo a rigorous regulatory approval process to ensure environmental and human I consumption safety.

contains both a transgene and a selective marker or reporter gene. These have separate promoters and termination signals

The ______ or reporter gene must be expressed all the time, whereas the transgene is often expressed only in certain tissues or under certain circumstances and usually has a promoter that can be induced by appropriate signals.

Foreign DNA, typically containing the gene of interest, is coated onto tiny metal particles

The DNA-coated metal particles are loaded into the ________ apparatus.

An alternative method in PBT is to accelerate the beads by an intense ________

DNA Carried Microscopic on Gold Particles Can Integrate into ______

After penetrating the cell, the DNA _______ from around the gold carrier particle

One widely used reporter gene is ______

DNA carrying the ntt gene is no longer killed by ______. This allows direct selection of transformed cells as treatment with _______ kills any cells that did not integrate the DNA.

Plant tissue carrying the _____ gene for firefly luciferase emits blue light when provided with the substrate luciferin.

is a site-specific recombinase, which means it can recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and I catalyze recombination events at those sites.

sites are specific DNA secuences typically 34 base pairs in length, recognized and bound by the Cre recombinase.