TOPIC 1

99問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Can be used to justify or critique entries in professional codes of ethics as well as general policies and practices in health care and organizations

ethical theories

Healthcare ethics

rights ethics, duty ethics, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, religious ethics, pragmatism

Knowingly stating falsehoods with the intent to deceive

lying

Intentionally misleading someone, whether by lying, pretense or other means

deception

Emphasizes human rights

rights ethics

Right conduct respects rights

right ethics

Focuses on duties and principles

duty ethics

Right action follows moral rules

duty ethics

Duty to respect autonomy

duty ethics

Prioritizes actions that maximize overall good

utilitarianism

Intrinsic good

utilitarianism

Emphasizes character

virtue ethics

Right action reflects good character

virtue ethics

Based on religious beliefs and teachings

religious ethics

Focuses on practical consequences and context

pragmatism

Pluralism

pragmatism

Rights ethics

locke, libertanism, commutarianism

Duty ethics

kant ross, absolutism, prima facie duties

Utilitarianism

act vs rule, views of good, bentham, mill

Virtue ethics

classical, modern, plato, aristotle, macintyre

Religious ethics

world religions, divine command, religious exemplars, theologians

Pragmatism

classical, casuistry, james, dewey

Protects patient autonomy and informed consent

rights ethics

Ensures healthcare professionals fulfill their obligations to patients

duty ethics

Balances benefits and harms to provide the best overall outcome for most people

utilitarianism

Promotes compassion, honesty, and other virtues in healthcare professionals

virtue ethics

Guides healthcare decisions following religious principles

religious ethics

Considers specific situations and finds solutions that work in practice

pragmatism

Consists of the clash of rights and the question is which right has priority in the situation

dilemma

Morally right when and because it respects human rights

conduct

Ascribing human rights to each person is one way to express the dignity and the authority of individuals to be counted as moral equals to other individuals

true

Universal, inalienable, and inherent to all human beings regardless of nationality, race, religion or other status

human rights

Cannot be taken away

inalienable

All human rights are equally important, and none can be fully enjoyed without the others

indivisible and interdependent

Mature and competent adults have the ability, ad well as the morao authority, to assert these claims

human rights

Infants and incapacitated adults need to rely on others to assert their claims on their behalf

natural rights

People can also authorize others to exercise rights on their behalf, as when they sign a durable power of attorney document, stipulating who has the right to make healtchcare decisions should they be rendered unable

human rights

Areas of freedom and benefits recognized in a particular legal system

legal rights

John Locke formulated the first systematic rights ethic, listing the most basic rights as life, liberty and property

true

Rights not to be interfered with

liberty rights

Negative rights

liberty rights

Rights not to be killed, not to be kidnapped, and not to have one’s property stolen

liberty rights

Positive rights

welfare rights

Rights to receive essential goods when one is unable to earn those goods on one’s own and when the community has the resources to provide them

welfarw rights

Arise from contracts, promises, legislation, school membership, and relationships with professionals

special moral rights

Refer to particular relationships and memberships

special moral rights

Object to taxing people to support government welfare programs such as medicate and unemployment compensation

libertarianism

Constitute a minority among rights ethicists, most of whom believe that human rights include both liberty and welfare rights

libertarianism

Building strong communities

communitarianism

Believe in welfare as well as liberty rights

communitarianism

Emphasize that rights must be understood within moral communities based on mutual respect and goodwill

communitarianism

Focuses on actions being “right or wrong” based on rules and principles, rather than the consequences

deontology

Locke believed that we should not lie under circumstances and that this was a rule that could not be broken regardless of the consequences

false

Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only

duty ethics

Always show moral RESPECT toward yourself and others

duty ethics

Commiting suicide or neglecting one’s takents violates the duties of self respect

duty ethics

Tell the truth and keep your promises

duty ethics

Criticism of this model is that the rules prescribed can be too rigid and inflexible

duty ethics

Genuine duties that sometimes habe exceptiona when they conflict with other duties having greater importance in a given situation

ross prima facie duties

Deriving from one’s own actions, either in making commitments

fidelity

Causing harm to others

reparation

Deriving from other people’s acts of service toward oneself

gratitude and reciprocity

Maintain fair distributions of benefits and burdens

justice

Based on the sheer opportunity to help others

beneficence

Linked to opportunities to develop one’s talents

self-improvement

Not injuring others

nonmalificence

Produce the most good for the most people, equally the interests of each person affected by one’s actions

utilitarianism

UTILITARIANISM

focus on consequences, maximizing benefits, resources allocation

An act is right when it maximizes good effects, more than any other options available in a situation

act utilitarianism

Moral decision making requires one to identify all the feasibke options in each situation, to weigh likely good snd bad consequences for each option, and then to select the option that maximizes the good overall

act utilitarianism

People should follow a particular set of rules that, were they adopted in a society, would maximize overall good

rule utilitarianism

Only intrinsic good

pleasure

Only intrinsic bad

pain

Sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self protection

harm principle

Intrinsic good consists in satisfying human preferences, as manifested in how individuals spend their money

preference satisfaction

Organ allocation, triage during a disaster

utilitarianism

Character ethics

virtue ethics

Shifts the focus to these latter concerns, especially to the kinds of person one should aspire to be

virtue ethics

The virtue governing the appetites, enabling one to locate the mean between harmful self-denial and overindulgence

temperance

Irtue of confronting danger by locating the mean between cowardice and foolhardiness

courage

Virtue of giving, whose mean lies between stinginess and wastefulness

generosity

Resides in the mean between lacking candor and revealing everything, even when it violates confidentiality or causes great harm to others

truthfulness

Focuses greater attention on moral motivation and moral psychology

virtue ethics

VIRTUE ETHICS

moral motivation and moral psychology, personal relationships, moral aspiration, renews attention to communities

Moral motivation

religious ethics

Virtue of love paramount

christianity

Emphasizes compassion

buddhism

Emphasizes righteousness and justice

judaism

Emphasizes piety and pursuit of excellence

islam

Emphasizes harmony, peace of mind, health, well-being and beauty

navaho

Explores how responsible moral judgment can be exercised without resorting to a comprehensive theory

pragmatism

These means includes rights, responsibilities, and ideals of character even though they cannot be encapsulated in comprehensive and systematic theories

pragmatism

Refers to a cluster of approaches to ethics that are wary of abstract rules and elaborate systems of principles

pragmatism

Heavily emphasize the importance of context— of looking closely at the facts and values pertinent to particular situations

pragmatism

Emphasize paradigms— clear cut cases

pragmatism

Unclarity about how to apply moral concepts and principles

vagueness

More than one plausible moral interpretation if a situation

ambiguity

Principles pointing in different directions

conflict

Differing viewpoints among involved persons

disagreement

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Kyla Rafols · 71問 · 2年前

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