Focuses on practical consequences and context

All human rights are equally important, and none can be fully enjoyed without the others

Constitute a minority among rights ethicists, most of whom believe that human rights include both liberty and welfare rights

Based on the sheer opportunity to help others

Produce the most good for the most people, equally the interests of each person affected by one’s actions

Right conduct respects rights

Areas of freedom and benefits recognized in a particular legal system

Ensures healthcare professionals fulfill their obligations to patients

Right action follows moral rules

Pluralism

Principles pointing in different directions

Rights to receive essential goods when one is unable to earn those goods on one’s own and when the community has the resources to provide them

Universal, inalienable, and inherent to all human beings regardless of nationality, race, religion or other status

Emphasizes piety and pursuit of excellence

Rights ethics

Duty to respect autonomy

Based on religious beliefs and teachings

Refer to particular relationships and memberships

Heavily emphasize the importance of context— of looking closely at the facts and values pertinent to particular situations

Explores how responsible moral judgment can be exercised without resorting to a comprehensive theory

Utilitarianism

Character ethics

Emphasizes righteousness and justice

Emphasizes harmony, peace of mind, health, well-being and beauty

Guides healthcare decisions following religious principles

Virtue of love paramount

Negative rights

Considers specific situations and finds solutions that work in practice

Unclarity about how to apply moral concepts and principles

Virtue ethics

UTILITARIANISM

Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only

Positive rights

Consists of the clash of rights and the question is which right has priority in the situation

Focuses on actions being “right or wrong” based on rules and principles, rather than the consequences

Commiting suicide or neglecting one’s takents violates the duties of self respect

Emphasizes character

People should follow a particular set of rules that, were they adopted in a society, would maximize overall good

Genuine duties that sometimes habe exceptiona when they conflict with other duties having greater importance in a given situation

VIRTUE ETHICS

Only intrinsic bad

Resides in the mean between lacking candor and revealing everything, even when it violates confidentiality or causes great harm to others

More than one plausible moral interpretation if a situation

Deriving from other people’s acts of service toward oneself

Rights not to be interfered with

Believe in welfare as well as liberty rights

Balances benefits and harms to provide the best overall outcome for most people

Can be used to justify or critique entries in professional codes of ethics as well as general policies and practices in health care and organizations

Tell the truth and keep your promises

Morally right when and because it respects human rights

The virtue governing the appetites, enabling one to locate the mean between harmful self-denial and overindulgence

Prioritizes actions that maximize overall good

Promotes compassion, honesty, and other virtues in healthcare professionals

Right action reflects good character

Mature and competent adults have the ability, ad well as the morao authority, to assert these claims

Maintain fair distributions of benefits and burdens

Duty ethics

Irtue of confronting danger by locating the mean between cowardice and foolhardiness

Causing harm to others

Emphasize that rights must be understood within moral communities based on mutual respect and goodwill

Ascribing human rights to each person is one way to express the dignity and the authority of individuals to be counted as moral equals to other individuals

Arise from contracts, promises, legislation, school membership, and relationships with professionals

These means includes rights, responsibilities, and ideals of character even though they cannot be encapsulated in comprehensive and systematic theories

Not injuring others

Pragmatism

Intrinsic good consists in satisfying human preferences, as manifested in how individuals spend their money

Focuses greater attention on moral motivation and moral psychology

Sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self protection

Refers to a cluster of approaches to ethics that are wary of abstract rules and elaborate systems of principles

Healthcare ethics

Linked to opportunities to develop one’s talents

Rights not to be killed, not to be kidnapped, and not to have one’s property stolen

Moral motivation

Protects patient autonomy and informed consent

Cannot be taken away

Focuses on duties and principles

Moral decision making requires one to identify all the feasibke options in each situation, to weigh likely good snd bad consequences for each option, and then to select the option that maximizes the good overall

Building strong communities

Organ allocation, triage during a disaster

Intrinsic good

Emphasizes compassion

Deriving from one’s own actions, either in making commitments

Object to taxing people to support government welfare programs such as medicate and unemployment compensation

Always show moral RESPECT toward yourself and others

People can also authorize others to exercise rights on their behalf, as when they sign a durable power of attorney document, stipulating who has the right to make healtchcare decisions should they be rendered unable

Emphasize paradigms— clear cut cases

Shifts the focus to these latter concerns, especially to the kinds of person one should aspire to be

Infants and incapacitated adults need to rely on others to assert their claims on their behalf

Knowingly stating falsehoods with the intent to deceive

Emphasizes human rights

Intentionally misleading someone, whether by lying, pretense or other means

Religious ethics

Differing viewpoints among involved persons

Criticism of this model is that the rules prescribed can be too rigid and inflexible

Virtue of giving, whose mean lies between stinginess and wastefulness

Only intrinsic good

An act is right when it maximizes good effects, more than any other options available in a situation

Locke believed that we should not lie under circumstances and that this was a rule that could not be broken regardless of the consequences

John Locke formulated the first systematic rights ethic, listing the most basic rights as life, liberty and property