Genetic changes are required for which of the following to occur? Select all that apply.

What effect would a G12V mutation in Ras have on ERK?

Are cancers more likely to develop mutation that activate or inactivate Rb?

Metabolites of nicotine commonly result in DNA point mutations. Which type of DNA instability is this an example of?

If a human cell underwent endoreduplication followed by failed cytokinesis, how many chromosomes would you expect that cell to now contain?

Which of the following statements is true regarding apoptosis.

Which statement best describes the Warburg effect?

A patient undergoes an FdG-PET scan. Will a tumor contain more or less 18fluorodeoxyglucose than normal the surrounding tissue?

Angiogenesis is __________________.

Is inflammation harmful or beneficial to cancer?

If a cell expresses a mutant form of EGFR, would this be considered a tumor specific antigen or a tumor associated antigen?

Which statement best describes how cancer cells overcome the Hayflick limit?

What chemical causes the most cigarette-related DNA mutations?

The Epstein-Barr virus, most famous for causing mononucleosis, also plays a prevalent role in the formation of what type of cancer?

What viral protein is capable of inhibiting p53?

Which class of cancer drugs is the least selective towards cancer cells?

Is chemotherapy generally more effective when tumors are small or large?

A tumor contains 109 cells. After a dose of chemotherapy, there are 750,000 cells remaining. When the second chemotherapy dose is given, the tumor has grown to 800,000 cells. How many cells do you expect to remain after the next dose of chemotherapy?

Which statement best summarizes the treatment ramifications of the Goldie-Coldman hypothesis?

Does drug resistance increase or decrease the therapeutic index of cancer drugs?

An inhibitor of what enzyme would be expected to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to vincristine?

Based on their toxicity profiles, what drug is likely to be excluded from use to treat lung cancer?

What is the shared target of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin?

Does paclitaxel increase or decrease the amount of microtubules in cells?

Methotrexate targets cells in which phase(s) of the cell cycle?

What is the most direct target of 5-FU?

Cytosine arabinoside directly prevents the formation of ______.

What is the basis for the selectivity of Gleevec towards cancer cells?

What is the target of pembrolizumab?

Which cells will CTL019 kill? Select all that apply

What is the process called when two EGFR proteins bind to each other?

In what location does Cetuximab bind EGFR?

Which type of immune cells induce ADCC in cells treated with Cetuximab?

If a patient is being treated with Osimertinib, what were they likely treated with previously?

What is the endogenous ligand for HER2?

A breast cancer patient with a tumor with which characterization would be most likely to respond to Tamoxifen?

Which class of drugs could potentially increase estrogen signaling?

Which drug significantly increases the risk of DVTs?

Which drug is given intramuscularly?

Enzalutamide blocks the signaling caused by which hormone?

Do x-rays have shorter or longer wavelengths than visible light?

Most DNA damage caused during x-ray radiation therapy is ______.

Pieces of Iodine-125 are sometimes placed in the prostate to treat prostate cancer. This type of treatment is called.

When treating a tumor with radiotherapy, what part of the tumor generally responds best to treatment? Hint: The outside of a tumor is generally more vascularized. This may not have been clear from the lecture.

Cells in which phase of the cell cycle are least likely to respond to radiation therapy?

What type of immune cell begins the sequence of events that leads to organ transplant rejection?

An activated T cell induces T cell proliferation through the production of what signaling molecule?

Corticosteroids act as immunosupressants most directly through the inhibition of what mechanism?

Some cancer chemotherapeutics act as immunosupressants most directly through the inhibition of what mechanism?

A patient suffering from the early stages of renal failure would be least likely to be prescribed which immunosuppressant?

What type of immune cells produce antibodies?

Which birth scenario will require pharmacological intervention?

Production of monoclonal antibodies involves the isolation of cells from which location?

Infliximab binds what protein?

Muromonab is what type of antibody?

A patient undergoes outpatient surgery and is given a standard course of antibiotics but ends up back in the hospital a couple of days later with a severe Clostridium difficile infection. This is an example of which toxicity/complication?

Gram positive bacteria lack which structure when compared to Gram negative bacteria?

Which class of antibacterials is bactericidal?

A patient has an infection caused by anaerobic Gram negative bacteria. Which antibacterial would be the worst choice to treat this infection?

β-Lactams inhibit the proper formation of which part of the bacterial cell wall?

In order to induce an allergic reaction, penicillin must first covalently bind to ____.

Which β –lactam drug is active against cell wall synthesis in β-lactamase expressing bacteria?

Which drug may be used as a noncompetitive inhibitor of β-lactamase?

Which drug should not be given orally for a systemic infection?

Sulfanilomide inhibits what enzyme?

Trimethoprim inhibits what enzyme?

In which type of patient would sulfamethoxazole not be appropriate for treating a bacterial infection?

A dose of Bactrim contains trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in a 1:5 ratio. Once in the blood, this is a 1:20 ratio. Which drug has the greater bioavailability?

Which bacterial mechanism of resistance is shared by both sulfonamides and trimethoprim?

Sulfonamides can alter concentrations of other drugs in the body. In general, taking sulfonamides would be expected to ______ the plasma concentrations of these other drugs.