Components of tissues

______________ - principal component is fiber which are arranged tightly together to make connective tissue thick or dense.

___________ - arrangement that tensile, strength, and stretch resistance

2 types of Regular Dense Connective Tissue

______________ - principal component is parallel bundles of collagen fibers between columns of fibroblast.

Collagenous Connective tissue is found in:

_______________ - principal component is elastic fibers which provides springiness and stretchability like ________ and ________. Minor component are ________

___________ - More fibers and fewer cells than loose CT

Irregular Dense Connective Tissue is found in:

______________ • elongated cells • Striated, Voluntary • Derived from the prenatal fusion of many individual mononuclear myoblasts, • A single myocyte contains multiple oval nuclei, located peripherally within the cell. • Contains ______ which forms dots in cross-sections of the fiber • __________ is the component of myofibrils and is responsible in contraction

Shape of Epithelial Cells • All epithelial cells when view viewed from the top are ______ in shape. • _____ appearance (top view) Edge: 1.) _________ - thin, flat, centrally locate nucleus 2.) _________ - equal on all sides 3.) _________ - tall, prismatic, polygonal in shape

deals with the nature of individual cells

Cytology uses _________ stain

_____________ • Used in fungus • Example: ________ is an allergy caused by over-growth of bacteria and

________________ • Superficial laver is not covered by keratin or cornified material. • Give 3 examples

_______________ - Principal component are fibers. - Found in Lamina Propria & ________ - Numerous resident cells is ________ - Resident cells Fibroblast, Foreign body giant cells, mast cells, macrophages, mesenchymal cells, __________, Reticular cells

__________ its brown color is due to numerous _________ - Found in: hibernating rodents and animals - serve as thermal generation

__________ looks like chicken wire

These are the examples of _________ Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Pigment cells.

___________ - direct contact of slide to skin Example: Vaginal smear to detect which stage of ______

___________ - detection of mites and mage

2 types of mange 1) ___________ - found in hair follicle, underneath 2.) ___________ - skin scrapings

______________ - used in dermal masses, anything w/ swelling

Examples of Fine Needle Aspirate

_____________ - principal component are fine reticular fibers arranged in a network. Acts like a basket that holds the cells, particularly the _________. It tis found in the medullary cavity of ________

_______________ - a loose connective tissue with pigment containing cells. It is found in the iris, choroid and cillary body, and processes of the eye and in the connective tissues of pigmented skin.

_____________ - Derived from surface epithelium - Highly specialized to performs secretory function

____________ - no ducts, secretions (hormones), transported by blood and lymph to the site of utilization. Arrange as cords of clamps that abut blood capillaries.

___________ - secretions are released into an external or internal surface, provided with ducts. Arranged Into a secretory unid with lumen and enclosed by a basement membrane.

______________ - Secretory - with an expanded theca (apical region) that contains mucin granules and a narrow stem (basal region) that contain a dense nucleus -Interspersed between typical columnar cells

Amorphous substances are composed of _________, proteoglycans and ____________.

_____________ - Musin granules - Zymogen granules which are found in pancreas, secretes enzymes, particularly the pancreatic acinar cells.

_________ - Provides nutrition - Types: Lipid droplets, glycogen granules

_______________ - Inclusion body that is a product of breakdown of red blood cells. - Usually seen in Skin, Liver, Hemal node, Spleen, sometimes dead red blood cells can be screen off in the liver.

_____________ - the "wear and tear" pigment - shows up in area where there is high incidences of wear and tear.

________________ - most common pigment produces by melanocyte. - For pigmentation of skin and hair.

_________ covers the outer surfaces of the organ, and it lines the lumen as well (lumen of tubular organ)

_____________ - long and branched, increase the surface area of the epithelium and its main function is secretion. Found in the lining of respiratory tract.

_________ - majority comes from ectoderm such as skin and its adnexa _________ - lining epithelium of urinary bladder (transitional), lining epithelium of ureter and uterus, respiratory tract vas deferens fallopian tube _________ - lining of Gastrointestinal Tract

_____________ - extracted from the palm fruit

_____________ - group of muscle cells or muscle fibers. - are also composed of _________ and inclusions like ordinary cells.

____________ is not present in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found on moist surfaces.

The layer of keratin-containing cells that fail to lose their nuclei as they migrate to the surface of the epithelium is termed the __________.

Normal skin bacteria of dogs: __________

Normal skin yeast of dogs: ____________

__________ - Represent the basic unit of life; Has the ability to metabolize (sum of total chemical reaction)

__________ is an epithelial adaptation to wear and tear on abraded surfaces. It normally occurs only in stratified squamous epithelium, not in other stratified types.

_____________ - Striated, Involuntary - Dense intercalated disks are present which allows the muscle cells to contract in a wave like pattern. - Intercalated disks are only visible on a longitudinal section. - Single nuclei located at the center of the cell and the cytoplasm is __________

_______________ - It refers to the changing shape of superficial cells of the epithelium, depending on the state of contraction or distention of the organ lined. - Water Impermeable due to large numbers of __________ between cells. - This impermeability protects the urinary tract from damaged caused by the presence of hypertonic urine (in mammals and birds), it also prevents dilution of the urine by osmosis.

______________ - One of the two states of transitional epithelium; Has basal cuboidal layer; Middle layers polyhedral cells 1 to 2 superficial layers of squamous cells; Stretched epithelium is very similar to the stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

____________ - tissue sectioning - uses _________ and _________ for staining

The main difference of these 2 Scanning Electron - _________ Transmission Electron Microscope - ______

__________ - "No form", Unorganized - Jelly-like and viscous - Forms ground substance found in the matrix. - Formed as barrier to bacteria and as a shock absorber

_______ - Cells are predominant component/primary "component"; Due to its thin nature, it cannot withstand wear and tear.

__________ - used to have a tissue before cutting into thin tissue and before putting to slide.

________ is not miscible in alcohol

1. Collect 2. _______ 3. Dehydration/Clearing - Alcohol - ______ (3 concentration) sets with 4. Embedding - Tissue is placed in warm paraffin wax and the melted wax fills the spaces. 5. Sectioning - Using ______ 6. Staining/Mounting - Hematoxylin and Eosin (HSE)

Hematoxylin (______) - Nucleic Acid Eosin (Pink) - __________

Types of Metabolism 1. _______ (make-up) 2. _______ (to substrate and metabolize degradation)

_______ - which means the ability to react to stimuli.

__________ - which means the ability to contract/expand

___________ - release of new substances

___________ - impulses (nerve tissue and muscles

_________ - release of by product

_________ - entry of substance in the cytoplasm

_________ - Cell eating, larger molecules

__________ - Cell drinking, small/fine molecules

________ - maintain in continuity ________ - is not considered living things.

___________ - not involve in basic metabolic process, they act as a support system of the cell.

___________ - does not play in metabolism of the cell. Its role is to guide the chromosomes to the opposite poles during PMAT.

- Normally there are certain mitotic figure present but in the case of mast cell tumors, if you can find 10 mitotic figure per high power field then it is _________. - Tumors contain _______ that contains granules that contain histamine. - Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions

1. ________ - formed in the base of basal ciliated cells. 2. ________ - oxidase and contains hydrogen peroxide. 3. ________ - serves as support system for cilia, forms cytoskeleton and its main protein components is tubulin. 4. ____________ - smaller bundle of tubulin, support structure of cilla

2 types of Lysosomes: 1. _______ - Contains hydrolytic enzymes 2. _______ - Ingested materials for phagocytosis

3 Kinds of Lysosomes: 1. ________ - eats solid body 2. ________ - tiny vesicles of the lysosomes 3. ________ - autophagic eats its own kind, dying/dead organelles.

___________ is the space not occupied by the cell

Types of Formed Substance: 1. Collagen fibers - predominant fiber in proper connective tissues; Called the "_____________" due to is biological tensile; Embedded with COL 1A, 2A, 3A and so on. 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Reticular Fibers

Types of Collagen Fibers: 1. Type I (banded) Present in skin, _____, bone 2. Type II (unbanded) Present in ______ 3. Type III • Present in _________ • Neither banded or unbanded 4. Type IV (unbanded) Present _______

__________ - Stretchability - Springiness - tissue - It can form into sheet - Made-up of elastin - Dense regular elastic tissue a. __________ - Long, narrow, straight branched bands with rough edges. b. ________ - Individual fibers-thinner than collagen

___________ -Made-up of type III collagen -Structural support -Net like arrangement -Act as "scaffold" -Found in periodic acid Schiff stain -Under epithelium/epidermis, blood vessels

4 Major Types of Tissue

Characteristics of an Epithelium o Joined by _________ o _________ (independent) o Subjected to wear and tear o Secretory, Absorptive, excretory and others. o Very little intercellular space.

Identifiable surfaces of an Epithelium

Lateral specialization/lateral junction a. ________ (tight junction) - superficial, form a belt that completely encircles cells near apical borders. b. _________ (intermediate junction) c. _________ (desmosome) - *that lie on the basal membrane, to help stick the cells to the underlying basal lamina. d. Glycocalyx e. Junctional complexes f. ____________ - cytoplasmic folds on the lateral surfaces of adjacent cells that interdigitate with each other. g. ___________ - not for adhesion but for communication between adjacent cells, site of lowered resistance to passage e of ions.

Basal surface a. ___________& (Basement membrane) - non-living amorphous substance; it constitutes proteoglycans particularly heparan sulfate, laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen b. ____________ a half desmosome facing the basement membrane. c. ___________ - Bulb-like invaginations of the basal cell membrane; Infolding, reverse microvilli; May contain mitochondria; Seen in smooth muscles; For contraction

Apical a. __________ - Long; Larger than cilia; Finger like cytoplasmic projection from the apical or luminal boarder, Gives epithelium striated or brush border; For the absorption; Outfolding of the cytoplasm; Found in intestinal and renal epithelium; They increase surface area without increasing the cell size. b. ________ - hairlike projections; catches foreign substance trapped in the mucus; It is for the movement of a cellular membrane protrusion.

Type of epithelium: __________ Respiratory (Alveoli) Blood vessels (endothelium) Body cavities (mesothelium

Type of epithelium: __________ Parietal layer of glomerular capsule/bowman's capsule Pleura Peritoneum Pericardium Anterior chamber of the eye

Type of epithelium: __________ - Specific tubules of the testis - Lining membrane of small ducts of exocrine glands - Collecting tubules of kidney: proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules of kidney Surface epithelium of ovary

Type of epithelium: ___________ Surface of lens and iris Choroid plexus (secretes CSF) Ciliary body of the eye

Type of epithelium: ___________ Lining the follicles of the thyroid glands Retinal pigment epithelium In general: tubular glands

__________ - motile, helps in the movement of materials along a sheet of epithelium and i of absorption. Found in epididymis.

______________ - has 1 layer of typical columnar cells - Lines the medium size ducts of exocrine glands such as the uterine glands, duct portion of salivary glands.

____________ are important in chickens, it secretes the shell and the bloom or specks

Type of Epithelium: __________________ Bulbourethral Glandular stomach Uterus/fallopian tube (fan shaped) Cervix of uterus

Type of epithelium: ____________ small intestine mucosal surface large intestine mucosal surface

2 kinds of cilia a. _________ - for the movement of mature spermatocytes found in the epididymis. Can be found in fallopian tube for the movement of the ovum b. __________ - known as the escalator of the respiratory system. Moves upward for the movement of debris, foreign substances, and mucus found in the respiratory tract.

_______________ - Pyramidal (morphology); rest on the basement membrane but do not extend to the luminal surface. Nuclei are located basally.

_________________ - Has stereocilia but lack goblet cells - Lines the duct of the epididymis and ductus deferens.

_______________ - 2 (bistratified) or more cell layers - The multi layered epithelium consists of the following: a. ________ - a layers of cuboidal to columnar cells that rest on a wavy or undulating basement membrane b. ________ - one to several layers of polyhedral or polygonal cells. c. _________ - one to several layers of squamous cell that lie parallel the luminal or external surface.

5 Distinct layers: 1) __________ - deepest layer 2) __________ - has spiny process called cytokeratin filament 3) __________ - absent in nonkeratinized epithelium 4) __________ - only occurs in non-hairy skin regions. 5) __________ - outermost layer which consist of dead, keratinized cells which is resistant to environmental irritant.