is a key player of the adaptive immune response that is responsible for humoral immunity in mammals.

The surfaces of bacteria and viruses are coated with _________ and _________ that are recognized by antibodies in the host organism.

The surfaces of bacteria and viruses are coated with glycoprotein and lipoproteins that are recognized by _______ in the host organism.

It is a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body

It is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.

The immune system mediates immunity to various infectious agents through specific immunity or _________ immunity •

Antibodies only recognize a small _______ or dimple on the surface of a protein.

The region of the antigen that binds to the antibody is called an

are encoded by a family of genes that are different for every person.

b cells originate in the

The “B” in B-cells came from the word _____

responsible for producing antibodies

Coats bacteria and causes them to be unaffected by antibiotics

other term for antibody

It is a glycoprotein that is made in response to antigen

binding site of the antigen and can be altered depending on the type of antigen

A region in antibody where it doesn’t undergo any changes

2 types of specific or acquired immunity

It is a response whose responsible are the b cells. Antibodies produced by the b cells do not kill the cell, but only bind or attack the invaders outside the cell.

It is a response whose responsible are the T cells.

aka the killer cells. They kill the infected cells which lead to cell death

Stimulate B-cell to produce more antbodies. Help develop the cytotoxio cell.

It is a cell whose function is to engulf foreign substances

Responsible for activating helper t cells

mhc stands for

Responsible for activating cytotoxic t cells

3 segments in human

Attachment process of antibody to the antigen

advantages of surface antigen

The great diversity of antibodies - GENE SHUFFLING

consist of two identical heavy chains

It contributes to the antibody structure’s overall stability

2 regions of each heavy chains

have two identical light chains that are smaller that heavy chains

2 regions of each light chains

The tip of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody molecule contains an _____ aka FAB

FAB stands for

It is a antibody structure formed by both light and heavy chains

The stem of the Y-shaped antibody molecule contains the __________, known as the Fc region.

FC in Fc region stands for

It interacts to immune cells, and compliment protein and other cells in immune system

2nd most common antibody in blood serum

It usually seen and responsible for mucosal secretion

colostrum milk (AAM) fights respiratory and GIT infection (AHEM)

release histamine for allergy causing runny nose or coughing

Least or low in level and its function is still uncertain

It has the largest structure and the 3rd most common antibody

Responsible for the clumping microorganism such as bacteria and virus

most common antibody

type of igA responsible for immune homeostasis

type of iga responsible for everting inflammation

type igG that serves as a marker for antigen or pathogens

type of igG reponsible for bacterial infection, specifically encapsulated bacteria

a type of IgG responsible for neutralizing virus/toxin

a type of IgG responsible for allergy

for diagnostic and a mixture of antibodies that are produced by different B cells in response to a particular antigen or foreign substance.

Laboratory-made proteins which mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens (virus/ Bacteria)

naturally occurring cancers cells derived from B cells and which therefore express immunoglobulin genes.

It is a type of monoclonal antibody engineered to reduce immunogenicity and increase their compatibility with the human system.

is a humanized antibody that targets HER2- positive breast cancer cells.

Process of cancer therapy

Aka Healthcare-associated or acquired infection

an infection that occurs in a hospital or healthcare setting as a result of medical care or treatment.

Infection from healthcare provider

infection from facilities

prevent the bacteria from binding to the extracellular matrix protein, fibrinogen.

field of biotechnology that focuses on modifying or designing antibodies to enhance their specificity, affinity, stability, and therapeutic properties.

are two types of antibody fragments that are smaller components of full antibodies.

are engineered antibody molecules designed to have specific properties and functions, particularly in the context of immunotherapy and targeted cancer treatment

These are dimeric antibody fragments created by combining two antigen-binding regions of an antibody. They are designed to simultaneously bind to two different antigens or epitopes. They are relatively small, with a molecular weight of approximately 55-60 kDa, making them smaller than ful antibodies.

They are engineered molecules that combine the binding specificity of two different monoclonal antibodies within a single molecule. They have the ability to simultaneously bind to two different antigens or cells. This property allows them to bridge immune cells with target cells, enhancing immune responses. They are generally larger than diabodies and smaller than full antibodies.

It is widely uaed to detect and estimate the concentration of a protein in a sample