問題一覧
1
The most notable literary selections are those that capture the _ of the African people.
life and struggle
2
There have been significant struggles that could have been left untouched, but writers choose to face courageous task of
answering the call of pen, and begin the process of social healing through literature.
3
The literary tradition of Africa became
richer than ever as it gained artistic and sophisticated expression in different languages.
4
became vehicles of cultural thoughts. Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication.
Traditional languages
5
are spoken by tens of millions of people.
Arabic, Somali,Berber,Oromo, Igbo, Amharic, Swahili, Hausa, Manding, Fulani and Yoruba
6
flourished as the literary genres.
Poetry, drama, novel, and short story
7
The people’s struggle to cope with – or oppose – the changing atmosphere of their homelands was dramatically recorded in what is known as
African literature
8
The texts for the study of African literature shed light on controversial issues such as ,
racial discrimination, political conflicts, civil wars, feminism and gender sensitivity, and human rights issues.
9
In the 1930s, black intellectuals from French colonies living in Paris initiated a literary movement called
Negritude
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emerged out of "a sudden grasp of racial identity and of cultural values and an awareness "of the wide discrepancies which existed between the promise of the French system of assimilation and the reality."
Negritude
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the self-affirmation of black people, or the affirmation of the values of civilization of something defined as
“the black world”
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writers wrote poetry in French in which they presented African traditions and cultures as antithetical, but equal, to European culture.
Negritude
13
Negritude writers wrote poetry in French in which they presented African traditions and cultures as
antithetical, but equal, to European culture
14
The journal, according to its founder, was an endeavor "to help define African originality and to hasten its introduction into the modern world.”
Presence Africaine by Alioune Diop in 1947
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flourished in Africa for many centuries and take a variety of forms including folk tales, myths, epics, funeral dirges, praise poems, and proverbs.
Oral literature
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usually explain the interrelationships of all things that exist, and provide for the group and its members a necessary sense of their place in relation to their environment and the forces that order events on earth.
Myths
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are elaborate literary forms, usually performed only by experts on special occasions. They often recount the heroic exploits of ancestors.
Epics
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chanted during funeral ceremonies, lament the departed, praise his/her memory, and ask for his/her protection.
Funeral Dirges
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are epithets called out in reference to an object (a person, a town, an animal, a disease, and so on) in celebration of its outstanding qualities and achievements.
Praise poems
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are short, witty or ironic statements, metaphorical in its formulation which aim to communicate a response to a particular situation, to offer advice, or to be persuasive.
Proverbs
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Includes novels, plays, poems, hymns, and tales.
Written literature
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three waves of literacy
Ethiopia Africa Europe
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where written works have been discovered that appeared before the earliest literatures in the Celtic and Germanic languages of Western Europe.
Ethiopia
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The second wave of literacy moved across _ with the spread of Islam.
Africa
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through trade relationships, missionary activities, and colonialism propelled the third wave of literacy in Africa.
Europe
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The written literatures, novels, plays, and poems in the 1950s and 60s have been described as
literatures of testimony
27
The African authors who produced literatures in European languages have been described as
literatures of revolt