based on their COLLIGATIVE property, especially freezing point depression

colligative properties

based on the effect of red blood cells suspended in solution

neither proton accepting nor donating

substance that resist changes in pH •maintain pH •modify pH

capacity of substance to resist change in pH

proton donating eg: formic, acetic, h2so4

tyoes of solvent

•surface active agents •lowers the interfacial, surface tension

the equation that can be used to estimate the pH of a buffered solution

when a non volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, the solute reduces the escaping tendency of the solvent.

proton accepting eg: acetone, ether, liquid ammonia

the solute is in CONCENTRATION BELOW that necessary for comolete saturation

types of solution according to solubility of solute

solid to liquid; liquid to gas

•phase of the solution •usually constitutes the largest proportion of the system in which the solute is dissolved

boiling point is when vapor pressure is equals to atmospheric pressure

concepts in isotonicity

attraction on the surface

osmosis: the movement of solvent from a higher to lower concentration

rise of the liquid on the narrow tube

attributed to the effects of the molecules found at the INTERFACE between two phases

methods of determining tonicity

freezing point is the temperature in which solid and liquid are in equilibrium under a pressure of 1 atm

liquid-to-liquid

theories of acids vs bases

both proton accepting and donating

the solute is in concentration ABOVE that necessary for complete saturation

the solute is in EQUILIBRIUM with the solid phase