Describes basic life events.

Studies disease and health patterns

Examines the association between two variables.

Both variables increase together.

variable increases as the other decreases.

Lacks random assignment includes variable manipulation.

Tests the effect of an intervention (independent variable) on a dependent variable.

Surveys, observational studies. Studies naturally occurring phenomena or characteristics of a target population.

Explores group trends.

a systematic plan for planning, implementing, and analyzing study data.

Null and alternative hypotheses.

Random sampling. stratified sampling. etc.

Focus is the frequency of phenomena involving one or more variables.

Focus is identifying and exploring lesser-understood phenomena.

Focus is comparing two or more groups on selected attributes.

The totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and characteristics under consideration.

The actual population

Pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the research study.

The portion of the population in which the researcher has reasonable access

fish bowl technique, roulette wheel, or use of the table of random numbers. This technique is also readily available online.

This gives an equal chance to all members of the population to be chosen.

This procedure is as simple as selecting samples every nth (e.g. every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of sample size.

This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies, geographical spread out of the population is a challenge, and gathering information will be very time-consuming.

pertains to what is going to happen to the subjects of the study.

Also known as "logical validity"; calls for an initiative judgement of the instruments as it appear.

Judged it it meets the objectives of the study; done by checking statements or questions if this elicits the needed information.

Relies upon tests that took place at the same time; testing subjects at exactly the same moment. When the instrument can predict results similar to those tests already validated.

As it corresponds to the theoretical construct of the study.

Is able to produce results similar to those similar tests that will be employed in the future.

the systematic investigation into and study of materials and

characteristic of an individual or organization that can be observed and measure, and it can vary among people or organizations being studied (Creswell, 2002).

This part must contain problem statements, research objectives and background.

This may be placed before the problem statement if it contains information pertinent to the problem which led to the conceptualization of the research study.

This explains the purpose of the research project.

justifies the need for the research study.

section provides the discussion of the research design, the sampling design, data collection procedure, limitation of the study and data analysis.

Treatment or intervention. Control of extraneous variables. Participant randomization.