can be a confusing term- it often has different meanings for different people.

give advice to (a person) on social or personal problems, especially professionally and

the process of assisting and guiding clients, especially by a trained person on a professional basis, to resolve especially personal, social, or psychological problems and difficulties.

the process that occurs when a client and counselor set aside time in order to explore difficulties which may include the stressful or emotional feelings of the client.

the act of helping the client to see things more clearly ,possibly from a different viewpoint.

this can able the client to focus on feelings, experiences or behavior, with a goal to facilitating positive change.

a relationship of trust

confidentiality is paramount to successful counseling.

professional counselors will usually explain their policy on confidentiality, they may, however, be required by law to disclose information if they believe that there is a risk to life.

is aware that no two people are alike.

is to enable the client to explore many aspect of their life and feelings, by talking openly and freely.

it is important that a counselor is not emotionally involved with the client and does not become so during counseling sessions.

neither judges, nor offers advice.

gives the client an opportunity to express difficult feelings such as anger, resentment, guilt and fear in confidential environment.

may encourage the client to examine parts of their lives that they may have found difficult or impossible to face before.

this is often followed by considering ways in which the client may change such behaviors.

reduces confusion, allowing the client to make effective decisions leading to positive changes in their attitude and/ or behavior.

is not advice-giving and is not acting on someone else's behalf (these are more the roles of a life coach.)

Psychodynamic counseling involved from the work of Sigmund Freud during his career as a medical doctor, Freud came across many patients who suffered from medical conditions which appeared to have no physical cause. this led him to believe that the origin of such illnesses in the unconscious mind of the patient.

during his career as a medical doctor, -------- came across many patients who suffered from medical conditions which appeared to have no physical cause.

things that we are aware of, these could be feelings or emotions, anger, sadness, grief, delights surprise, happiness etc.

these are things that are below our conscious awareness when fairly easily accessible.

is the area of the mind where memories have been suppressed and is usually very difficult to access. Such memories may include extremely traumatic events

is used to encourage the client to examine childhood or early memory trauma to gain a deeper understanding. is based upon the assumption that only by becoming aware of earlier dilemmas, which have been repressed into our unconscious because of painful associations.

is the part of our personality concerned with satisfying instinctual basic needs of food, comfort and pleasure ----- the --- present from (or possibly before )birth

defined as "The realistic awareness of self is the logicall and commonsense side to our personality.

develops later in a child's life from about the age of three ,according to freud. curbs and controls the basic instincts of the Id, which may be socially unacceptable. acts as our conscience

in constant to the psychodynamic approach to counseling, childhood events and difficulties are not given the same importance in the humanistics counseling process.

recognises the uniqueness of every individual assumes that everyone has an innate capacity to grow emotionally and psychologically

aim to help clients to explore their own thoughts and feelings and to work out their own solutions to their problems. work with the belief that is not life events that cause problems but how the individual experiences life events.

encourages the client to learn to understand how negative responses to life events can lead to psychological discomfort. the approach aims for acceptance of both the negative and positive aspects of oneself.

American Psychologist developed one of the most commonly used therapies.

which encourages the client to concentrate on how they feel at the present moment.

is the belief that we all have inherent resources that enable we to deal with whatever life brings.

focuses on the belief that the client and not the counselor is the best expert on their own thoughts feelings experiences and probl8 it is therefore the client who is most capable of finding the most appropriate solutions.

involves being able to understand the client's issue from their own frame of reference. The counsellors should be able accurately.

is to show the client that they are valued, regardless of anything that happens during the counseling session. The counselor must be non-judgmental.

refers to the counselor's ability to be open and honest and not to act in a superior manner or hide behind a professional facade.

focuses on in the assumption that the environment determines an individual's behavior. behavioral therapies involved from psychological research and theories of learning concerned with observable behavior.

focuses on the behavior of the individual and aims to help him/her to modify and unwanted behaviors