問題一覧
1
Exact age of the Earth
4.54 Billion Years (± 50 Million Years) ⅓ the Age of the Universe
2
How did scientists determine the age of the Earth?
They used ROCK FOSSILS in Australia
3
It is speculated that there is an 8th continent below New Zealand called ---
Zealandia
4
Where is most of the Earth's Gold?
Core
5
Why is there gold at the Core?
MOLTEN IRON sank to the core, and took with it other precious metals such as Platinum.
6
The exosphere extends from the ---
EXOBASE
7
Other scientists believe that the --- contains all space, time, matter, andenergy in it.
The Universe
8
Approximate age & diameter of the Universe
~13.8 Billion Years 91 Billion LY
9
Define "Hypothesis"
A claim that can be tested by futher explanation. (Has no evidences)
10
Define "Theory"
An established, well crafted claim and has supporting EVIDENCE
11
The proponents of the Big Bang Theory
Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Demaître
12
What is Plasma?
A mix of charged IONS & ELECTRONS ; a superheated state of matter
13
What happened at the Inflation?
The universe cooled down, atoms, stars, and galaxies formed.
14
EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY
Cosmic Microwave Background Redshift Abundance of Elements
15
Define "Cosmic Microwave Background"
Light that travels freely throughout the universe
16
A theory proposed in the 1700s, proposed by??
Nebular Theory or Protoplanet Hypothesis Emmanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, Pierre Simon
17
Shape of the Earth
Oblate Spheroid (Centrifugal Force)
18
Describe an Oblate Spheroid
Flattened at the poles and bulges along the equator
19
Reasons why the Earth is habitable
TEMPERATURE: -15°C to 115°C ATMOSPHERE: 100 Miles thick atmosphere that protects from harmful radiation & meteors SUFFICIENT ENERGY & NUTRIENTS WATER CYCLE & VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
20
Give the percentages of the elements in the Atmosphere
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.04% Carbon Dioxide, 0.09% Argon, with trace elements such as Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and Ozone
21
Distance of the Troposphere
10km above sea level
22
Whats in the Troposphere
99% of the Earth's water vapor
23
Temperature of the Troposphere
50°C
24
Distance of the Stratosphere
10-50km
25
This layer has 90% of the atmosphere's Ozone
The Stratosphere
26
Temperature of the Stratosphere
-5°C to 0°C
27
What does Ozone do?
Ozone absorbs high-energy UV radiation that comes from the sun, converting UV radiation to energy
28
The distance of the Mesosphere
85km above the Stratosphere
29
The coldest layer of the atmosphere
The Mesosphere
30
The temperature range of the Mesosphere
-15°C along the bottom, -90°C along the top
31
The length of the Thermosphere
Extends up to 600km high
32
What happens at the Thermosphere?
The harmful UV radiation is absorbed, raising its temperature from 500°C to 2,000°C or higher.
33
What is the temperature of the Exosphere
2,000°C or above
34
The distance of the Exosphere
10,000km High
35
The Greek word for Water
Hydro
36
The Hydrosphere is a mass of water that contains ___ of all the Earth's aater
97%
37
The Hydrosphere is all the water on the surface:
Underground, Atmosphere in the presence of Water Vapor, Liquid Water and Ice
38
The frozen part of the Hydrosphere
The Cryosphere
39
What's under the Cryosphere?
Glaciers, Ice caps, and Icebergs
40
How does water move through the Hydrosphere?
In the Hydrologic Cycle/Water Cycle
41
The Hydrosphere contains ___, playing a key role in ____, and regulating the _____
Various life forms, ecosystems, atmosphere
42
The Hydrosphere is responsible for:
Forming Valleys and Canyons
43
The Greek word for Ground
Geo
44
This is the solid part of the Earth, containing soil, rocks, and minerals in the crust, mantle, and core.
The Geosphere
45
The thinnest layer of the Earth
The Crust
46
Thickness of the Oceanic and Continental Crust
Oceanic: 5-10km Thick Continental: 10-70km Thick
47
Why is the Continental Crust brittle?
Due to earthquakes, and stretches from the solid rigid Lithosphere
48
This is subdivided into tectonic plates with boundaries
The Lithosphere
49
The thickest part of the Geosphere
The Mantle
50
Thickness of the Mantle
2,900km Thick
51
Composition of the Mantle
Silicates - a variety of compounds that share a Silicon and Oxygen structure
52
Give the 5 elements present in the Mantle
Iron, Aluminium, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium
53
Temperature of the rocks in the Mantle
3,700°C
54
What's in the Asthenosphere
Viscous, ductile, semisolid material
55
Whats in the Lower Mantle
Solid Phase, The layer responsible for volcanic and seismic activities
56
Thickness, Temperature, State, and Composition of the Inner & Outer Core
OUTER: 2,300km, 4000 to 5000°C, Liquid State, Nickel and Iron in a molten state INNER: 1,200km, 5000 to 7000°C, Solid State, Densest part of the Geosphere
57
1 Light year
9.4607 x 10¹²Km
58
Discovery of the CMB
1963
59
Who discovered Redshift and when
American Astronomer Edwin Hubble, 1929
60
This law suggests that the universe is expanding.
Hubble's Law