Is any mistake or change in the DNA sequence. It is an alteration in an organism's genetic material.

Spontaneous Mutations

Are mutations brought about by mutagens.

purine to purine; pyrimidine to pyrimidine

A purine is substituted for a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine is substituted for a purine.

A block of one or more DNA pairs is LOST

Block of one or more DNA pairs is added

Is the 180 degree rotation of DNA piece

Parts of non-homologous chromosomes change places.

Typically no health consequences or symptoms

Significantly impacts a person's health and causes many symptoms

The most fundamental biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins.

moves from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm.

The hydrogen bonds are broken down and the DNA double helix unwinds to uncover a sequence of nitrogenous bases.

duplicate of one of the DNA strand is made.

first of overall two protein synthesis steps.

the protein polymers are actually what?

The RNA copy of the protein genetic information encoded in DNA molecule is produced in the nucleus and it is called mrsanger WN (mRNA). Each mRNA encodes the information

The mRNA combines with ribosome and tRNA brings free amino acids to ribosomes

The addition of amino acid to growing chain of amino acids in the ribosome.

The release of polypeptide from the ribosomes.

contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce.

German biochemist in 1869

DNA is made up of molecules called?

translates genetic information from DNA into proteins.

Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a structure called?

To fit inside cells, DNA is coiled tightly to form structures we call?

technology that allows researchers to determine the order of bases in a DNA sequence.

identifies changes in genes, chromosomes, or proteins.