Introduction to Computer

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is an electronic device, operating under the control of intructions stored in its own memory that can accept data(input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

Computer

Functionalities of a computer

Takes data as input., Stores the data/instructions in its own memory and use them when required., Processes the data and converts it into useful information., Generates the output., Controls all the above four steps.

Computer components consist of

Hardware, Software

Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

Hardware

any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance).

Input Devices

Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with. Most common are keyboard and mouse.

Input Devices

Example of Input Devices

Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Touch screen, Scanner, Webcam, Touchpads, MIDI Keyboard, Graphic Tablets, Camera, Pen Inputs, Video Capture Hardware, Trackballs, Barcode reader, Digital camera, Joystick, Gamepad, Electronic Whiteboard

brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes. It is the most important element of a computer system.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is comprised of three main parts :

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), Registers

Executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

controls and co-ordinates computer components.

Control Unit (CU)

5 parts/purpose of Control Unit

Read the code for the next instruction to be executed., Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction., Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory., Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register., If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.

Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area".

Registers

Two Types of Memory

Primary Memory, Secondary Memory

is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned off.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

2 Types of Primary Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM)

is a permanent form of storage & stays active regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the power is turned off.

Secondary Memory

store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.

Hard drive (HD)

is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.

Optical Disk (OOD)

storage module made of flash memory chips, have no mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.

Flash Disk

any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form.

Output devices

Example on Output Devices:

Monitor, LCD Projection Panels, Printers (all types), Computer Output Microfilm (COM), Plotters, Speaker(s), Projector, CRT Monitor, TFT Monitor

Basic types of monitors are

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED)

Printer types

Laser Printer, Ink Jet Printer, Dot Matrix Printer

is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions.

Software

two major categories/2 Types of software

System Software, Application Software

is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display.

System software

used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.

Application software

also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks.

Application software

Computer software, or just software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers. App comes under computer software though it has a wide scope now.

System software

Examples of System Software

Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, DOS

Examples of Application Software

Opera (Web Browser), Microsoft Word (Word Processing), Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software), MySQL (Database Software), Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software), Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

2 types of unit in measurements

Storage measurements, Speed measurement

M#5 Section and Title v2

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M#5 Section and Title v2