open ended question, subjective, inductive meaning

close ended question, obejective, deductive meaning

describe the case of one person

describe the case of a grouo of people

aka cross sectional studies- to identify prevelance and distrubution of health outcomes,

aka exploratory- purpose of hypothesis testing

a longitudinal study where exposure is measured to determine the outcome. collected data at least 2 period of time

exposure and outcome are collected at the same time, for disease with slow onset and long duration

outcome in the past

usebto measurewith outcome and identify risk factor, always start outcome

randomly assigned subjects to the intervention ir control group

true or false- RCT researchers develop baseline observation e,g, community trials

it use how the intervention works in Real world setting

how the intervention works in IDEAL seting

true or false - eg of inbrct blinding is placebo or standard therapy

types of blinding have participant, and data analyst are blinded

types of hypothesis ussualy predicts relationship or differences between or among groups of subjects

comparison of group only includes patients completed the treatmentoriginally allocated

true or false- validity of casuality Not measured in critical appraisal

affected by bias and confounding variable . ussualy start of the study

beyond the study

type of bias error a feeling of well being knowledge of recieved intervention, pyscological

change in behaviour of the partcipant of being observed

effects of intervention concudes with the improvement natural course of disease

what statement- type 1 alpha is rejecting the null when its true, resulting to a false negative

type 2 beta is when you accepting the null when its False, really effective and result in false negative

true or false- rejecting null hypothesis( p value<0.05)

instrument error possible reasons

measure in which tool can generate consistent or repeatble results

aka re test reliability, assets tool at a certain period of time

comparing results between raters

reliability of different versions of the same tool

weakest form of validity

what statement - sensitivity rule out disease or condition, specifity rule in disease or condition

al elements in the tool measure in the variable

asses the validity of a new tool amd established tool at relatively same time

tool is able to predict the outcome of other tool

what statement- both researcher and the participant should benefit from the research, power cannot easily be abused and participants

true or false - the researcher need to consider the minors, prisoner and iba pa

true or false - the researcher need have their research plans reviewes by revie board