pr 2 exam

90問 • 1年前

問題一覧

focuses on the opinions and ideas of one's own on a particular topic. It is done from books, professional journals, newspapers, magazines, and other publications.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

is obtaining answers from what has been studied. It analyzes work of other researchers and focus on the result. It consist manuscripts and dissertations.

Review of related studies

Contain first-hand evidences, raw experimental results or survey data from different studies.

PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA

Refers to interpretation of data and summaries of results from primary sources.

SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA

Organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time.

THEMATIC

Focus on examining research throughout a period of time. When it starts, what happens, then the present condition.

HISTORICAL

Define the scope of your topic and research question.

CATEGORICAL

The process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative or qualitative research.

SYNTHESIS

is a foundational review of an existing theories that serves as a roadmap or blueprint for developing arguments and supporting the research. The researcher must consider the relevance to the research, principles, and concepts.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

illustrated what the researcher intends to find out in the study. It maps out the relationship of different variables defined in the study.

Conceptual Framework

Whereas, Input are all the necessary data needed, Process are the defined methos which led to the realization of the intend Outcome.

IPO Model

An entire list of sources which have been referred and provided at the end of the document or article. It is a form of credit which the author gives to the person's whose ideas has been borrowed in the work to avoid plagiarism and ethical violation.

REFERENCE

used in education, psychology, and sciences.

American Psychological Association (APA)

used in humanities.

Modern Language Association (MLA)

used in business, history, and fine arts.

Chicago/Turabian

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher

Books

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved (date), from http://xxx or http://do.org.xxx

Electronic Books

Author(s). (Year). Title of Journal Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of Journal, Issue Number (Volume Number), Page Number (s)

Journals

Authors). (Year). Title of Journal Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of Journal, Issue Number (Volume Number), Page Number(s). Retrieved (Date), from URL

E-Journal

Authors). (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper Article. Title of Newspaper, Section of the Paper, Page Number(s).

Newspaper

Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper Article. Title of Newspaper, Section of the Paper, Page Numbers). Retrieved (Date), from URL.

Online Newspaper

Author(s). (Year). Title of Webpage or Document: Subtitle [Format] Retrieved (Date), from URL.

Web Sources

"Title of the Webpage." (Year). Retrieved from (Date), from URL.

FOR OTHER SOURCES WITH NO AUTHOR

is a format for referencing which follows set of rules and guidelines. In the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition is the most recent type of citation using APA.

APA citation

a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet to be tested. A tentative proposition about the relationship between two or more variables.

Hypothesis

• Ho or HO • There's no effect in the population. • There is no relationship or no difference between variables.

Null Hypothesis

Ha orH1 There's an effect in the population. • There is a relationship or difference between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis

The null hypothesis was rejected when it is true.

TYPE I ERROR

The null hypothesis was not rejected when it is false.

Type II Error

It defines exactly how to measure or observe it. This are theoretical or abstract meaning of a concept.

Conceptual Definition

Explains what to measure or observe (what a word or a term means for your study). Refer to how a variable was used or measured in the study.

Operational Definition

is a scientific process that provide solutions to a problem.

Research

•Scientific Process

•Observe • Conducting the problem • Research Quections •Data Gathering/Collerting • Analysis & Interpretation • Conclusions & Recommendations

-process of Knowing information from various sources by applying various methods -Simple way of Knowing -requires an immediate answer

Inquiry

- careful examination of a particular fact by looking into evidence - complex

Research

questions pertain to your research itself, the questions that are to be addresses

What

questions refer to your purpose in doing research

Why

participants

Who

-where you will conduct your research

Where

doing research

When

gathering nomerical data and generalizing it across groups of people. It emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data through questionares and surveys.

Quantitative Research

describe a particular phenomenon

Descriptive Design

relationship between variables

Correlational Design

possible relationship between previous events and present conditions.

Ex Post -Facto Design

cause and offect (Formal (Permission /consent)

Quasi - Experimental Design

cause and effect (Informal (non-consent), random arsignments.

Experimental Design

refers to a person, place, thing or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.

Variables

-variable you can control - Cause - Influences

İndependent variable

-variable that you can observe and measure - effect - receive and effect

Dependent Variable

limited/ countable /exact /whole number

Discrete

Infinite/Decimal Points/not exact/non-whole

Continuous

complex problems that affect individuals.Tpically arise from various factors.

Social Issues

• to obtain significant information about diseases trends and risk factor. • health intervention, patterns of care, cost and use. • to find cure, medicine, and vaccine.

Stem

• impact of policies and programs implemented by the government. • measures learning and performance of individuals and groups. • solving or finding solutions to different social issues. • Understand cultures, human interaction and behavior.

Humms

• research is important to any organization to remain in the market. • to determine its customer and other preferences. • look for feasible location to put business. analyze competitors.

Abm

are vital because they provide the knowledge and tools to understand and address complex social issues, improve policymaking, foster cultural understanding, and enhance overall quality of life

Social Science

Social sciences provide insights into how individuals and societies behave, think, and interact.

Understanding Human Behavior

Research in social sciences informs the development of public policies. By studying patterns of behavior, economics, politics, and cultural dynamics, social scientists can recommend effective policies that addresses social problems and promote well-being.

Policy Development

Social science research often focuses on improving the quality of life, promoting social justice, and understanding human rights issues. It helps in tackling inequalities and discrimination.

Impact on Society

Research in social sciences helps in understanding diverse cultures, traditions, and values. This understanding is crucial for fostering tolerance, cultural exchange, and effective communication across different communities.

Cultural Understanding

Social sciences contribute to economic development by studying consumer behavior, market,trends,labor dynamics, and entrepreneurship. This knowledge helps businesses make informed decisions and governments formulate economic policies.

Economic Development

Social science research contributes to understanding health behaviors, access to healthcare, and the social determinants of health. It informs strategies for promoting public health and addressing healthcare disparities.

Health and Well-being

Research in social sciences enhances educational practices by studying learning processes, educational policies, and factors affecting academic achievement. This knowledge supports the improvement of educational systems and outcomes.

Economic Insights

Social sciences also play a role in environmental studies and urban planning by examining human interactions with the environment, sustainable development practices, and urbanization trends.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN STUDIES

It refers to a subject or issue that you are interested. The area of study that you are researching.

Research Topic

starting point of your research.

Observing and asking questions

- basis of topic you will going to pursue.

Listening and note taking

- find resources.

Doing a background check

- goal is to create new knowledge.

Know your audience

- narrow down.

Choosing your topic

It is the most read part of the research and summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.

Research Title

• The key to the research. • Presents the major problem, which is further discussed into subproblems. • An integrative but brief discussion of the research problem, its context, and the questions of the study.

Statement of the problem

• It Identifies the problem of the topic that the current study seeks to investigate and may vary depending on the extent of their focus. • Specific questions of the research paper.

Research Questions

usually begins with introducing your general problem statement followed by the specific research questions that aim to address the research problem.

Statement of the problem

Questions that are used to describe certain patterns and focus on single and noncomplex variables. It may also be used to quantify or categorize variables in the study.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION

Questions that are used to compare and contrast similarities and differences between groups and variables.

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH QUESTION

Questions that are formed to assess a particular observation or phenomenon based on an established model or theory. They are usually observed in organizations, workplace, programs, and effectivity of projects.

EVALUATIVE RESEARCH QUESTION

Questions that are formed to explain, predict change or outcomes on observed relationships between variables, and determine how one variable may have an effect on another.

EXPLANATORY RESEARCH QUESTION

All research questions must be relevant to the research problem

Relevant

It must not be too broad or too detailed.

SPECIFIC

Research questions should use simple language to be comprehensible.

Clear

. It does not simply ask "Yes" or "No" questions but needs complex analysis.

ANALYTICAL

. The measurability of research questions indicate their feasibility and is measured through standardized tests or experiments.

MEASURABLE

Refers to a paper, structured with four main sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This format is often used for lab reports as well as for reporting any planned, systematic research in the social sciences, natural sciences, or engineering and computer sciences.

IMRaD format

explains why this research is important or necessary and important. It usually begins by describing the problem or situation that motivates the research.

Introduction

is a brief and general discussion of the study based on existing literature and should introduce its purpose and its relevance to the field by highlighting the research problem. It also highlights the gap in the existing knowledge and how the general study will attempt to bridge the gap.

Background of the study

provides context to the study, it explains the relationship of the present study with previously conducted research, introduces the research problem, and highlights the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge.

Background of the study

This section lists down the people, organization, community, or institution that will benefit from the result or outcome of the study. It explains how the people benefit or what benefit they can get from the research.

Significance of the study

is an essential section of your Introduction that lists down the different stakeholders and beneficiaries of the study and how they benefit from it.

Significance of the study

It contains the focus and the availability of resources. This is the section where the researcher defines the boundary of the research, highlights and outlines the important areas of the research. On the other hand, the unavailability of resources causes other areas to be excluded in the study that is clearly expound on the research delimitation.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Gen Chem

Joshua Timbol · 65問 · 2年前

Gen Chem