focuses on the opinions and ideas of one's own on a particular topic. It is done from books, professional journals, newspapers, magazines, and other publications.

is obtaining answers from what has been studied. It analyzes work of other researchers and focus on the result. It consist manuscripts and dissertations.

Contain first-hand evidences, raw experimental results or survey data from different studies.

Refers to interpretation of data and summaries of results from primary sources.

Organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time.

Focus on examining research throughout a period of time. When it starts, what happens, then the present condition.

Define the scope of your topic and research question.

The process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative or qualitative research.

is a foundational review of an existing theories that serves as a roadmap or blueprint for developing arguments and supporting the research. The researcher must consider the relevance to the research, principles, and concepts.

illustrated what the researcher intends to find out in the study. It maps out the relationship of different variables defined in the study.

Whereas, Input are all the necessary data needed, Process are the defined methos which led to the realization of the intend Outcome.

An entire list of sources which have been referred and provided at the end of the document or article. It is a form of credit which the author gives to the person's whose ideas has been borrowed in the work to avoid plagiarism and ethical violation.

used in education, psychology, and sciences.

used in humanities.

used in business, history, and fine arts.

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved (date), from http://xxx or http://do.org.xxx

Author(s). (Year). Title of Journal Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of Journal, Issue Number (Volume Number), Page Number (s)

Authors). (Year). Title of Journal Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of Journal, Issue Number (Volume Number), Page Number(s). Retrieved (Date), from URL

Authors). (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper Article. Title of Newspaper, Section of the Paper, Page Number(s).

Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper Article. Title of Newspaper, Section of the Paper, Page Numbers). Retrieved (Date), from URL.

Author(s). (Year). Title of Webpage or Document: Subtitle [Format] Retrieved (Date), from URL.

"Title of the Webpage." (Year). Retrieved from (Date), from URL.

is a format for referencing which follows set of rules and guidelines. In the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition is the most recent type of citation using APA.

a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet to be tested. A tentative proposition about the relationship between two or more variables.

• Ho or HO • There's no effect in the population. • There is no relationship or no difference between variables.

Ha orH1 There's an effect in the population. • There is a relationship or difference between variables.

The null hypothesis was rejected when it is true.

The null hypothesis was not rejected when it is false.

It defines exactly how to measure or observe it. This are theoretical or abstract meaning of a concept.

Explains what to measure or observe (what a word or a term means for your study). Refer to how a variable was used or measured in the study.

is a scientific process that provide solutions to a problem.

•Scientific Process

-process of Knowing information from various sources by applying various methods -Simple way of Knowing -requires an immediate answer

- careful examination of a particular fact by looking into evidence - complex

questions pertain to your research itself, the questions that are to be addresses

questions refer to your purpose in doing research

participants

-where you will conduct your research

doing research

gathering nomerical data and generalizing it across groups of people. It emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data through questionares and surveys.

describe a particular phenomenon

relationship between variables

possible relationship between previous events and present conditions.

cause and offect (Formal (Permission /consent)

cause and effect (Informal (non-consent), random arsignments.

refers to a person, place, thing or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.

-variable you can control - Cause - Influences

-variable that you can observe and measure - effect - receive and effect

limited/ countable /exact /whole number

Infinite/Decimal Points/not exact/non-whole

complex problems that affect individuals.Tpically arise from various factors.

• to obtain significant information about diseases trends and risk factor. • health intervention, patterns of care, cost and use. • to find cure, medicine, and vaccine.

• impact of policies and programs implemented by the government. • measures learning and performance of individuals and groups. • solving or finding solutions to different social issues. • Understand cultures, human interaction and behavior.

• research is important to any organization to remain in the market. • to determine its customer and other preferences. • look for feasible location to put business. analyze competitors.

are vital because they provide the knowledge and tools to understand and address complex social issues, improve policymaking, foster cultural understanding, and enhance overall quality of life

Social sciences provide insights into how individuals and societies behave, think, and interact.

Research in social sciences informs the development of public policies. By studying patterns of behavior, economics, politics, and cultural dynamics, social scientists can recommend effective policies that addresses social problems and promote well-being.

Social science research often focuses on improving the quality of life, promoting social justice, and understanding human rights issues. It helps in tackling inequalities and discrimination.

Research in social sciences helps in understanding diverse cultures, traditions, and values. This understanding is crucial for fostering tolerance, cultural exchange, and effective communication across different communities.

Social sciences contribute to economic development by studying consumer behavior, market,trends,labor dynamics, and entrepreneurship. This knowledge helps businesses make informed decisions and governments formulate economic policies.

Social science research contributes to understanding health behaviors, access to healthcare, and the social determinants of health. It informs strategies for promoting public health and addressing healthcare disparities.

Research in social sciences enhances educational practices by studying learning processes, educational policies, and factors affecting academic achievement. This knowledge supports the improvement of educational systems and outcomes.

Social sciences also play a role in environmental studies and urban planning by examining human interactions with the environment, sustainable development practices, and urbanization trends.

It refers to a subject or issue that you are interested. The area of study that you are researching.

starting point of your research.

- basis of topic you will going to pursue.

- find resources.

- goal is to create new knowledge.

- narrow down.

It is the most read part of the research and summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.

• The key to the research. • Presents the major problem, which is further discussed into subproblems. • An integrative but brief discussion of the research problem, its context, and the questions of the study.

• It Identifies the problem of the topic that the current study seeks to investigate and may vary depending on the extent of their focus. • Specific questions of the research paper.

usually begins with introducing your general problem statement followed by the specific research questions that aim to address the research problem.

Questions that are used to describe certain patterns and focus on single and noncomplex variables. It may also be used to quantify or categorize variables in the study.

Questions that are used to compare and contrast similarities and differences between groups and variables.

Questions that are formed to assess a particular observation or phenomenon based on an established model or theory. They are usually observed in organizations, workplace, programs, and effectivity of projects.

Questions that are formed to explain, predict change or outcomes on observed relationships between variables, and determine how one variable may have an effect on another.

All research questions must be relevant to the research problem

It must not be too broad or too detailed.

Research questions should use simple language to be comprehensible.

. It does not simply ask "Yes" or "No" questions but needs complex analysis.

. The measurability of research questions indicate their feasibility and is measured through standardized tests or experiments.

Refers to a paper, structured with four main sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This format is often used for lab reports as well as for reporting any planned, systematic research in the social sciences, natural sciences, or engineering and computer sciences.

explains why this research is important or necessary and important. It usually begins by describing the problem or situation that motivates the research.

is a brief and general discussion of the study based on existing literature and should introduce its purpose and its relevance to the field by highlighting the research problem. It also highlights the gap in the existing knowledge and how the general study will attempt to bridge the gap.

provides context to the study, it explains the relationship of the present study with previously conducted research, introduces the research problem, and highlights the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge.

This section lists down the people, organization, community, or institution that will benefit from the result or outcome of the study. It explains how the people benefit or what benefit they can get from the research.

is an essential section of your Introduction that lists down the different stakeholders and beneficiaries of the study and how they benefit from it.

It contains the focus and the availability of resources. This is the section where the researcher defines the boundary of the research, highlights and outlines the important areas of the research. On the other hand, the unavailability of resources causes other areas to be excluded in the study that is clearly expound on the research delimitation.