Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart

Thinner more delicate membrane

Tough, inelastic, dense, irregular cycle connective tissue - prevents overstretching, protection, anchorage

95% of heart is cardiac muscle

Visceral layer of serous pericardium. Smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface

Smooth lining for chambers of heart, valves and continuous with lining of large blood vessels

Thin walled atria, deliver blood under less pressure to ventricle

Pumps blood to lungs. Shorter distance, lower pressure to ventricles

Left side of the heart, receives blood from lungs, eject blood into aorta, systemic arteries, arterioles, gas and nutrient exchange in systemic capillaries,systemic venules and veins lead back to right atrium

Right side of heart, receives blood from systemic circulation, ejects blood into pulmonary trunk then pulmonary arteries, gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins take blood to left atrium

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers, self excitable, repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions,

Acts as pacemaker and form conduction system

Period of maintained depolarization

Contractile fibers have stable resting membrane potential

Recovery of resting membrane potential

Contraction

Relaxation

AV Valve close

SL Valve closes

3 factors that ensure left and right ventricles pump equal volume of blood

The more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. Greater ______ increases the force of contraction

Strength of contraction at any given preload

Pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open. Increase in ________ causes stroke volume to decrease

Increases or decreases frequency of nerve impulses in both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of Autonomic Nervous system

Releases acetylcholine which decreases heart rate by slowing rate of spontaneous depolarization

Difference between maximum cardiac output and cardiac output at rest

Volume of blood returning to right ventricle

Epineprine and norepinephrine increase heart rate and contractility

Ionic imbalances can compromise pumping effectiveness

Movement of substance between blood and interstitial fluid

Most important method. Substances move down their concentration gradient. Can cross capillary wall through intercellular clefts, fenestration or through endothelial cells.

Small quantity of material. Substances in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vesicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction

Important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot corss capillary wall any other way

From capillaries into interstitial fluid

From interstitial fluid into capillaries

The volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walks of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction makes lumen smaller meaning greater resistance

Ratio of RBCs to plasma and protein once, higher viscosity means higher resistance

Volume of blood flowing back to heart through systemic veins

Milks blood in 1 direction due to valves

Occurs due to pressure generated by constriction of left ventricle

Due to pressure changes in thoracic and abdominal cavities

Lives about 120 days only. Cannot systhesize new components - no nucleus

Surface of RBCs contain genetically determined assortment of antigens

Based on presence or absence of various antigens

Answer 1

Answer 2

Answer 3

Answer 4

Answer 5