measure the flow of water in rivers and streams, which is essential for flood monitoring and predicting potential flooding events.

orbit the Earth and capture images using visible light, infrared, and microwave radiation. These images are then processed to provide information about weather systems, including their intensity, movement, and impact areas.

are released into the atmosphere and carry an instrument called a radiosonde that transmits data back to ground stations as it ascends. This data helps forecast weather patterns, particularly storm systems.

equipped with various instruments to measure multiple atmospheric variables, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and air pressure.

Primarily used to monitor precipitation, wind speed, and storm rotation.

integrate multiple sensors, including thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers, to provide a complete picture of the local weather conditions.

measure the electrical resistance or dielectric constant of the soil to determine the amount of moisture in the ground.

measure atmospheric pressure, which can help predict weather changes such as the approach of a storm, cold front, or heatwave.

Used for observing large-scale weather patterns, such as storms, hurricanes, and changes in cloud cover, sea surface temperatures, and land conditions.

collect and measure the amount of rain that falls into a container. They often include a funnel that directs rain into a cylindrical container, and the amount of rain is recorded.

typically has rotating cups or blades that spin in response to the wind. The speed at which they spin is recorded, providing an accurate measure of wind speed.

sends out pulses of radio waves that bounce off precipitation particles (like raindrops or snowflakes).

used to gather data from the upper atmosphere, particularly for tracking temperature, humidity, and air pressure at high altitudes.

measure the amount of water present in the soil, which is essential for monitoring drought conditions and assessing agricultural risks

measure wind speed and wind direction, which are important for monitoring storms and hurricanes.

detect the weight of the air above them. A decrease in air pressure typically signals that a storm or low-pressure system is approaching, while an increase in pressure often signals fair weather.

use sensors to measure the water level or flow rate in rivers and streams. These measurements are used to determine the likelihood of flooding, especially during periods of heavy rainfall.

used to monitor global weather patterns, track storms, and observe environmental changes like sea surface temperatures and cloud cover

are used to measure the amount of rainfall over a specific period of time, which is crucial for assessing flood risks, drought conditions, and overall weather patterns.

Geostationary satellites remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth's surface, providing real-time data on weather patterns, while polar-orbiting satellites circle the Earth and capture global weather data in more detail.