The following are methods used in soil erosion measurement:

it is an inexpensive and simple method, and a large number of points can be sampled, then a usable estimate can result.

widely-used method consists of driving a pin into the soil so that the top of the pin gives a datum from which changes in the soil surface level can be measured

can be obtained by painting a collar just above soil level round rocks, boulders, tree roots, fence posts, or anything firm and stable.

This leads to the use of naturally occurring indicators of changes in soil surface level.

To measure small changes in surface level along a cross section such as an area with a number of parallel cattle tracks, a profile meter may be suitable.

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may be used to demonstrate comparisons (Plate 3).

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It is a structure used to measure the overland flow and soil loss thereby under controlled condition.

These are constructed as per design norm and in proper size, in the open field. The collection of data is carried out depending on the occurrence of rainfall.

These plots are equipped with rainfall simulator.

are constructed with a well-defined boundary. In other words, they have a specific area

These runoff plots are suitable for very simple studies.

are usually in the size of about 100 sqm area. This type runoff plots are very common in USA for soil loss studies.

Size of these runoff plots is about 1 ha. These are suitable for evaluating the effect of any type of treatments that cannot be applied accurately in small or micro runoff plots.

replanting of denuded forestlands watershed rehabilitation

help stop erosion. They allow water to drain without carrying runoff and sediment with it.

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natural or man made constructed channels established for the transport of concentrated flow at safe velocities from the catchment using adequate erosion resistant vegetation which cover the channels.

It induces better root nodulation in inoculated plants and thereby reducing the N requirement of cultivated legume crops such as pulses, oil seeds and legume green manures.

Suitable for upland crops like vegetables, orchard and plantation crops.

can be used for both upland and wetland conditions and is available as carrier based inoculum.

known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.

NOTING. that; the rise of globalization and the creation of an external environment of finance, markets, and technology

Law of the sea

The purpose of our environmental laws is to maintain or create conditions that are conductive to a harmonious relationship between man and nature.

It is hereby declared a continuing policy of the State (a) to create, develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man and nature can thrive in productive, and enjoyable harmony with each other, (b) to fulfill the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations of Filipinos, and (c) to insure the attainment of an environmental quality that is conductive to a life of dignity and well-being."

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas.

The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them.

The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State.

mandated the formulation of an intensive, integrated program of environmental protection

The law provides the development of standards and management framework for the following areas of concern: air quality management, water quality management, and land use management.

RA 7585

provides for the integrated management of all declared protected areas in the country.

Its provisions apply in all Philippine waters and all other waters over which the Philippine has sovereignty and jurisdiction,

is the principal law on mining in the Philippines. It provides that the State owns all mineral resources and promotes their rational exploration, development, utilization, and conservation.

The law provides a national program of air pollution management and prevention, and active public participation in air quality planning and monitoring.

declares as a policy of the State to conserve the country's wildlife resources.