問題一覧
1
What are the most abundant macromolecules in the body?
Proteins
2
Proteins, is a chief nitrogenous macromolecules of cellular structure and organization, constituting how much percent of a cell's dry weight?
50-70%
3
Proteins are macromolecules are expressed in what?
g/dL
4
Building blocks or proteins
Amino acids
5
What holds amino acids together in proteins?
Peptide bonds
6
What element differentiates proteins from other macromolecules?
Nitrogen
7
Where are proteins mostly synthesized in the body?
Liver
8
Which component of blood is an example of a protein not synthesized in the liver, but produced by plasma cells?
Immunoglobulins
9
Which term is used to describe proteins that can be positively or negatively charged?
Water-soluble and amphoteric
10
Which statement is true about the charge of proteins in alkaline pH?
They are negatively charged
11
What type of ions predominate in an alkaline pH environment affecting the charge of proteins?
OH ions
12
Which statement is true about the charge of proteins in acidic pH?
They are positively charged
13
What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein structure?
Peptide bonds
14
Amino acids that are important for protein synthesis which are not produced in the body. They are essential constituents of the diet
Essential amino acids
15
Which of the following amino acids are considered essential because they are not produced in the body and must be obtained from the diet?
Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
16
Which of the following amino acids are considered essential because they are not produced in the body and must be obtained from the diet?
Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
17
Which of the following amino acids are considered essential because they are not produced in the body and must be obtained from the diet?
Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
18
What is the hierarchical order of protein structure, from the simplest to the most complex?
Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Quaternary Structure
19
What does primary structure primarily refer to in protein structure?
The identity and specific order of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain (amino acid sequence)
20
How does primary structure contribute to a protein's characteristics?
By determining the overall shape of the protein
21
Which aspect of a protein does primary structure mainly focus on?
Sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
22
How is primary structure characterized in a protein?
By the sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
23
What types of structures are included in secondary structure?
Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, and random structure of proteins
24
What is responsible for maintaining secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds
25
How is the conformation of segments of the polypeptide chain described in secondary structure?
By the formation of alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, and random structure
26
What does tertiary structure refer to in protein folding?
Folding of proteins into a 3-dimensional structure or shape
27
How is tertiary structure characterized?
Intramolecular folding of the polypeptide chain into a compact 3-D structure
28
What type of bonds primarily maintain tertiary structure?
Covalent disulfide bonds
29
What is denaturation of proteins associated with?
Unfolding of the tertiary structure due to temperature changes or exposure to certain chemicals (organic solvents, detergents, or reagents)
30
What defines quaternary structure in proteins?
Incorporation of two or more polypeptide chains or sub-units into a larger unit
31
How is quaternary structure characterized?
Association of several polypeptide subunits into a larger “oligomeric” aggregate unit
32
What is an example of a protein with quaternary structure?
Creatine-kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin (4 sub-units, alpha & beta)
33
What factors affect the differential solubility of proteins?
pH, ionic strength, temperature, dielectric constant
34
What is the isoelectric point of a protein?
The pH where proteins have no net charge
35
What are zwitterions?
Ions that have two different charges but the net charge on the molecule is zero
36
How is determination of molecular size typically accomplished?
Through ultracentrifugation or dialysis
37
Which method is commonly used to determine molecular mass?
Mass spectrometry
38
How is the determination of electrical charge typically achieved?
Using ion exchange chromatography and electrophoresis
39
Which technique is employed for assessing surface adsorption?
Chromatography
40
What is a key difference between plasma and serum protein content?
Plasma contains fibrinogen, while serum does not.
41
How does the absence of fibrinogen affect total protein content in serum?
There is an approximate 4% decrease in total protein content in serum.
42
What characterizes simple proteins?
They contain peptide chains that yield only amino acids upon hydrolysis.
43
What distinguishes conjugated proteins?
They are composed of a protein (apoprotein) and a non-protein moiety (prosthetic group).
44
Where does protein digestion primarily begin in the human body, before completion in the small intestine?
Stomach
45
What effect does high acidity in the stomach have on proteins?
It denatures proteins, making them susceptible to enzyme digestion.
46
Which enzyme in the stomach is responsible for digesting proteins into amino acids?
Pepsin
47
Where are amino acids absorbed after protein digestion?
Small intestine, blood
48
After absorption, where are amino acids transported?
Liver
49
Which hormones increase protein synthesis?
Growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone
50
What effect do glucocorticoids and glucagon have on protein metabolism?
They increase protein metabolism.
51
Which proteins are considered major plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
52
What types of globulins are produced by the liver?
Albumin, Alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and fibrinogen
53
What types of globulins are produced by the RES?
Gamma globulins
54
Which fraction of major plasma proteins includes pre-albumin?
Pre-albumin
55
Which fraction of major plasma proteins includes albumin?
Albumin
56
What proteins are included in the alpha-1 globulin fraction?
Alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha fetoprotein, alpha lipoprotein, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, alpha 1 antichymotrypsin, inter-alpha trypsin, GC globulin
57
What proteins are included in the alpha-2 globulin fraction?
Seruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin
58
What proteins are included in the beta globulin fraction?
Transferrin, Hemopexin, Beta-2 microglobulin, Fibrinogen, LDL, VLDL, C-reactive protein
59
What proteins are included in the Gamma globulin?
Immunoglobulins and CRP (C-reactive protein)
60
Which major plasma protein fraction contains Pre-albumin?
Pre-albumin
61
Which major plasma protein fraction contains Albumin?
Albumin
62
Which major plasma protein fraction contains alpha 1 antitrypsin?
Alpha-1 globulin
63
Which major plasma protein fraction contains alpha phetoprotein?
Alpha-1 globulin
64
Which major plasma protein fraction contains alpha lipoprotein?
Alpha-1 globulin
65
Which major plasma protein fraction contains alpha 1 acid glycoprotein?
Alpha-1 globulin
66
Which major plasma protein fraction contains alpha 1 antichymotrypsin?
Alpha-1 globulin
67
Which major plasma protein fraction contains interalpha trypsin?
Alpha-1 globulin
68
Which major plasma protein fraction contains gc globulin?
Alpha-1 globulin
69
Which major plasma protein fraction contains seruloplasmin?
Alpha-2 globulin
70
Which major plasma protein fraction contains haptoglobin?
Alpha-2 globulin
71
Which major plasma protein fraction contains Alpha-2 macroglobulin?
Alpha-2 globulin
72
Which major plasma protein fraction contains transferrin?
Beta globulin
73
Which major plasma protein fraction contains hemopexin?
Beta globulin
74
Which major plasma protein fraction contains beta-2 microglobulin?
Beta globulin
75
Which major plasma protein fraction contains fibrinogen?
Beta globulin
76
Which major plasma protein fraction contains DL?
Beta globulin
77
Which major plasma protein fraction contains VLDL?
Beta globulin
78
Which major plasma protein fraction contains c-reactive protein?
Beta globulin
79
Which major plasma protein fraction contains immunoglobulin?
Gamma globulin
80
Which major plasma protein fraction contains CRP or c-reactive protein?
Gamma globulin
81
Which protein has Transthyretin?
Prealbumin
82
Which protein migrates faster than the other?
Prealbumin
83
Which protein is second most predominant protein in the CSF?
Prealbumin
84
Which protein, functions as a carrier protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A?
Prealbumin
85
Which protein, is the largest protein fraction (52-62%)?
Albumin
86
Which protein, synthesized in the liver at a rate that is dependent on protein intake?
Albumin
87
Which protein, when protein is present in highest concentration, in the plasma, synthesized by the liver at a rate dependent on the protein intake?
Albumin
88
Which protein is derived from the latin name albus which means white, originated from the white ppt formed during the boiling of acidic urine in patients with proteinuria?
Albumin
89
Which protein has a normal lifespan in circulation is in 15 to 19 days?
Albumin
90
Which protein, serves as the transport protein for most substances?
Albumin
91
Which protein, maintains oncotic pressure or colloidal osmotic pressure?
Albumin
92
Which protein has negative acute phase reactant; decreases during inflammation?
Albumin
93
Which protein, has high serum albumin levels are often associated with: Dehydration, Prolonged tourniquet application, Specimen evaporation
Albumin
94
Which protein, has low serum albumin levels can be related to: Inflammation, Hepatic disease, Urinary loss due to kidney problems, Gastrointestinal loss, Protein calory malnutrition, Burn injury, Edema, Ascites
Albumin
95
Which serum is associated with Dehydration?
High Serum
96
Which serum is associated with Prolonged tourniquet application?
Low Serum
97
Which serum is associated with Specimen evaporation?
High Serum
98
Which serum is associated with Inflammation?
Low Serum
99
Which serum is associated with Hepatic disease?
Low Serum
100
Which serum is associated with Urinary loss due to kidney problems?
Low Serum