Axons covered in myelin. Contains majority of axons

It is made up of neuron cell bodies and found mainly in outer layers in brain, but in the spinal cord it forms the core

The nervous system coordinates, actions, reflexes, and sensations. It is made up of the central nervous system, which is a processing centre for the brain and spinal cord. It also includes the peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. It is a network of motor and sensory fibres.

It protects the brain from potentially harmful toxins, and it helps regulate homeostasis of the CNS . Disruption of it can cause M S, Strokes and trauma.

The cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland. The forebrain is the largest part of the brain. The forebrain includes the telencephalon and the diencephalon, which is a small structure located towards centre. It regulates body, sensory, perceptions, motor, functions and hormones. It includes the thalamus, hypothalamus pineal gland, and pituitary gland

Outmost layer and it has a wrinkly appearance

It is the ridges and fissures which increases surface area, enabling more cortex matter to fit

It is large knots of neurons found beneath surface of hemisphere. The function of it is to program and execute motor functions

Caudate nucleus and lenti form nucleus. These two, and the thalamus are separated by an internal capsule, which is a white matter structure.

It is the top part of the brain stem, connecting the hindbrain to the forebrain. important for motor movement

It is the inferior aspect of the brain includes the medulla oblongata Pons and cerebellum. controls respiration and heart rate

They followed the contours of the brain

Two layers of dense Fibron tissues. The inner portion is protective covering for the brain and the outer forms the periosteum, which attaches to the skull

It is fibrous tissue between the Dura Mater and the Pia mater

Innermost layer of meninges and it is connective tissue containing minute blood cells

Deals with the higher executive functions, such as planning and reasoning

It deals with touch, temperature pain and pressure

It deals with auditory info, complex, visual info, and memory info

It is the primary visual processing centre

It helps to support and protect the brain and spinal cord

The fluid is secreted into ventricles by choroid plexus continuously. The highly vascular areas are surrounded by ependymal cells which line the walls of ventricles. The fluid then passes back into the bloodstream by small diverticular within arachnoid matter.

They are responsible for delivering oxygen and essential nutrients to brain parenchyma, and if there is damage or disease to them, it will cause a destruction of normal blood flow, which causes ischaemic changes. These changes can be prolonged which results in the death of brain tissue or ruptured vessels which can lead to intercranial haemorrhage.

Superior sagittal sinus and cortical veins. Straight sinus and internal cerebral veins. Cavernous sinus and middle cerebral veins. transverse sinus and vein of labbe which is most commonly imaged for thrombosis. These have their own territory for venous drainage.

Grey matter is closely packed together in densely, packed regions of the brain and white matter is fatty, myelinated sheaths of the axon appear paler

If it appears grey that means it is more denser, attenuate more photons and looks whiter. White is grey and grey is white.

Cause would be trauma. Symptoms include headache, vomiting and nausea. Appearance biconvex within temporoparietal region. Complications include associated skull fracture, raised ICP and brain stem compression.

Cause would be trauma . Symptoms would be headache, vomiting and nausea. It would appear as concave and extending past suture lines. Complications could include associated skull fracture, oedema and mass effect.

Cause would be trauma, stroke or aneurysm. symptoms include thunderclap headache, next stiffness and vomiting. it would appear as hyperdense acute blood within the scope of subarachnoid Space. Complications could be a associated skull fracture.

Causes would be high, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, or trauma. Symptoms are mostly non-specific, but can include headaches and dizziness. It would appear as well defined round and hypoattenuating lesion complications would be re bleeding vasospasm. It is a weak spot inside wall of blood vessel inside brain.

Causes of high blood pressure, anticoagulants, and blood disorders. Symptoms may include headache, vomiting and nausea. it may appear as acute accumulation of blood in the Parancyhma of the brain. complications include oedema and mass effect

It is an abnormal accumulation and shift of fluid within the brain paranchyma. It causes reduction in density of brain tissue ON CT, so it appears hypodense.

This occurs when the ATP pump fails, so sodium builds up in the cell, and the extracellular fluid drains into the cell, which leads to cell swelling and affects grey and white matter as astrocytes are involved. The brain blood barrier is intact and it appears hypodense on ct

Plasma accumulate around cells due to breakdown in tight junctions between endothelium cells of capillaries and astrocytes. Plasma seeps into the brain and spreads outside of the cell along white matter tracts. Grey matter can be spared as fluid, so it can pass more easily through less densely packed areas. blood brain barrier is disrupted. This means the CM can pass through.

This is when there is an increase in the CSF, leads to enlargement of ventricles. it can be caused by fourth ventricle obstruction, infective meningitis, normal pressure hydrocephalus

Cause it’s due to lack of oxygen to the brain .symptoms include cardiac arrest, strangulation, and smoke inhalation. It will appear hypodense due to the attenuation of grey and white matter. It could increase the patient’s ICP and they could be herniation of brain tissue.

Occupy space in brain and is likely surrounded by an oedema. Space in the brain is limited because the lesion can compromise normal tissue which is the mass affect which can lead to the effacement of close sulcal structures which is more severe and can lead to shift or herniation leading to the increase in ICP

This is when brain tissue moves from normal location to adjacent space due to the mass effect . Brain tissue is compressed and the intercranial nerves, which leads to cell death. It also compresses the ventricular system, which can lead to obstructive hydrocephalus and a raised ICP.

It is seen on catastrophic cases, and it is when cerebellar tonsils are forced through foreman magnum

It occurs when cancer cells break off from the original tumor, enter your bloodstream or lymph system and spread to other areas of your body

It is a type of glia. make up majority of nervous system. functions include regulation of blood flow, homeostasis of extracellular fluid. star shaped with branching processes

Neurons are responsible for sending and receiving nerve impulses or signals glial cells are non-neural, and they provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis and form Myelin. Types include astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, and oligodendrocytes

The nervous system coordinates, actions, reflexes, and sensations. It is made up of the central nervous system, which is a processing centre for the brain and spinal cord. It also includes the peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. It is a network of motor and sensory fibres.