"Insufficient oxygen at the tissue level" would best define which of the following?

A patient who has a core body temperature of 35 degrees and has been breathing rapidly and deeply due to anxiety will have the following changes to their oxygen carrying capacity.

What is the mean arterial pressure of a patient if his systolic blood pressure is 160mmg and his diastolic blood pressure is 80mmHg? (Select the most appropriate answer)

A patient brought into hospital by ambulance has a blood gas analysis conducted. What condition is most likely: pH 7.5 Pa02 - 85mmHg PaCO2 - 30mmHg HCO3- - 20mmol/L

The exchange of air between the lungs and atmosphere:

Which statement most accurately defines functional residual capacity?

A patient is brought into ED with an altered level of consciousness and a blood pressure of 70/30. Which of the following factors is not a short term mechanism that could be responsible for his drop in blood pressure?

name structure

A male patient presents for review of his cardiac function. His doctor states that he has an end systolic volume of 40mL and an end diastolic volume of 100mL. If his heart rate is 70 what is his cardiac output?

An ambulance is called to a 35 year old female patient who has taken an overdose of Morphine. On arrival the patient has an altered level of consciousness, respiratory rate of 4 and is cyanosed. What type of respiratory failure is this patient presenting with?

A female patient is informed that she has a serum potassium level of 7.7mmol/L. She discharges herself from hospital against the doctor's recommendations. What effect could this potassium level have on her cardiac function?

Which of the disorders below is characterised by destruction of the walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during expriation?

Thrombocytopenia is condition that is relevant to paramedic practice in the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction management. Thrombocytopenia is:

In cardiac arrest, performing effective chest compressions provides approximately what percentage of normal cardiac output?

Which statement about the pneumotaxic centre is most accurate?

Coronary Artery is most likely to be compromised in the ECG

A patient with an supraventricular tachycardia at a rate of 190BPM is brought to your ambulance station. He has an altered level of consciousness, is diaphoretic and tachypneoic. What physiological effects are contributing to the patients presentation? (Select all the correct response - more than one answer may be correct)

name structures

The primary goal of treatment in the mangement of cardiogenic acute pumonary oedema is?

How does salbutamol lower serum potassium levels?

In relation to aspirin, which of the following statements is most accurate:

The start of the QRS complex corresponds with which cardiac event?

Ondansetron is thought to work by blocking which receptor type?

What statement is most accurate with regard to the Bohr effect?

Mr Jim Mows is an 88 year old who had a witnessed syncopal episode next to a busy road. He states that he was not sure what happened and his short-term memory has been declining over the past six months. As a part of your assessment you note that the patient takes the following medications: 100mcg salbutamol inhaler as required: 250mcg fluticasone inhaler twice daily: 500mg metformin daily: 5mg donepezil at night: 100mg aspirin daily. You take the patient's pulse and identify that he is bradycardic (45bpm) and suspect that this has caused the syncopal episode. Which of Jim's medications would most likely contribute to, or cause the bradycardia?

Garry is a 71 year old male seem by the ambulance today. The paramedics who attend requested back up from a Critical Care Paramedic due to the Gary's continuing altered level of consciousness and abnormal vital signs. Upon arrival you are met by Gary's wife who stated that he has been having these blackout episodes for about a week now and that he refuses to see his GP or even go to hospital when he collapses. She reports he has never had any surgery but cannot detail is medical history. She has a bag full of medications. These include: a. Pravastatin b. Amiodarone c. Plavix d. Panadol osteo. The paramedics have provided a summary of vital signs and an ECG: The information is provided here: GCS: 12 (E3, V4. M5) HR: 35R BP: 80/40 Skin: Diaphoretic SPO2: 96% BGL: 5.2 Temp: 36.1 What conclusions can you make from Garry's co-morbidities based upon the medications that his wife presented?

In relation to respiratory volumes, Vital Capacity is the

You have just received a 12 lead ECG on a 22 year old female patient who had a syncopal episode with associated shortness of breath. While reviewing the ECG you notice that she has a sinus tachycardia at a rate of 112 and there is a deep S wave in lead 1, Q wave in lead 3 and T wave inversion in lead 3. While not specific, the ECG changes, combined with the presenting history should raise your suspicion for which pathology?

Which of the following is NOT considered a common effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide?

Normal energy expenditure on quiet breathing in a patient without lung/ respiratory pathology is approximately 5%. In a patient with emphysema this can be as high as 20%. Why?

TRUE or FALSE: Asthma is a disease of airway obstruction characterised by the inability to move air through the lower respiratory tract. Pulse oximetry is a reliable indicator of severity and can determine a clinicians use of adrenaline

A cardiologist reports that a patient brought into his practice presented with a complete blockage of the left coronary artery that did not involve the left anterior descending artery. Which infarct pattern is most likely in this patient?

Which response below identifies where the partial pressure of oxygen (PO,) is at its highest?

The main mechanism for controlling regular ventilation is:

You are called to a 24 year old male patient who has been working in an enclosed room with a petrol driven machine. On arrival the patient has an altered level of consciousness and you suspect he has carbon monoxide poisoning. Select the most accurate statement relating to this case:

Gary improves whilst in QAS care. His GCS increases to 15 and heart rate increases to 60. He reluctantly agrees to come to hospital, but first wants to self-administer his medication as they always forget at hospital. Considering the patients clinical presentation, select the response that most accurately represents the potential effects/complications of taking this medication.

Which cardiac biomarker has the greater specificity and sensitivity?

Shunt, diffusion impairment, hypoventilation, decreased inspired oxygen levels and ventilation-perfusion mismatch are:

There are 5 phases in the action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells

Select the statement about Type 1 respiratory failure that is most accurate:

In relation to V/Q mismatch, select the statement that most accurately describes "dead space"

In order to maximise energy delivery and minimise impedence the correct position of the lower pad in defibrillation pad placement should be:

You are managing a 60 year old male who presents with a classic ischaemic chest pain presentation. The 12 lead ECG shows no ST elevation, but there is: • 1mm of ST segment depression in V1; and • 2mm of ST segment depression in leads V2 - V4. Based on the clinical presentation and ECG findings, which of the following provisional (working) diagnoses is most likely?

ECG interpretation

Which of the following statements regarding a competitive antagonist is correct?

Each minute of delay before defibrillation is linked with what percentage reduction in probability of survival to hospital discharge?

The process of a clot forming in coronary arteries follows a predictable pathway involving a number of molecules acting in sequence. What is the most likely clot formation process resulting in Garys coronary artery occlusion?

Flumazenil is the antedote for

What criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Torsades de Pointes?

Which ion causes the greatest increase in cardiac contractility?

Which of the following classes of inhaled medications are considered to be preventative rather than reliever therapy for asthma?

The use of adrenaline in the setting of cardiac arrest is primarily targeting:

A pacemaker that fires only when the heart rate falls below a set rate is called:

Increased parasympathetic activity will have an effect on what portions of the heart?

With respect to paracetamol toxicity, which of the following is the toxic metabolite?

Select the primary sites of metabolism in the concept of first pass metabolism.