According to smith and preston (1982 ) pathology has been popular and has satisfying explanation for deviance for two main reasons pathology based theory is easily understood since everyone knows what disease is and this is easily given credibility pathology removes the element of blame, that is no person or institutions responsible for deviant behavior since it is caused by physical or emotional problem of the individual.

CESARE LOMBROSO - Italian Father of Criminology - He concluded based on his observations and experiences as army physician that criminals possesse -Developed an index of criminality based on the shape of the person's head and earlobe

social attachments can also be fruitfully thought of as investments

THE TREE SOMATOTYPES

The theory suggests that the excessive aggression and hostility are the result of the presence of an extra Y chromosome

According to EMILE DURKHEIM, deviance can serves a number of functions for society.

italian father of criminology He concluded based on his observation and experience as army physician that criminals possesses.

Richard Cloward and Lloyd pointed out that the criminal deviance results when there is legitimate opportunity tormo achieve success plus available legitimate opportunity for them, patterns of deviance and conformity largely reflect the relative opportunity structure confronted by various categories of young people. according to them if an illegal (criminal )structure is not readily available in a given social location, a criminal subculture is not likely to develop adolescence, if violence offers our primary channel to higher status in a community, a greater participation by juveniles and conplict (violence) will normally occur.

according to this approach deviant behavior is learned by a series of trials and errors. people adjust and modify their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments elicited by their actions.

the advocate of this theory is Travis Hirschi he assumes that the family, school and other social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in every individual the absence of social control causes deviance

EMILE DURKHEIM HE ENUMERATED FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE.

FOLLOWING TYPES OF DEVIANCE THAT EMERGE FROM STRAIN

these theories concerned a wide range of psychological factors that might influence human behavior.It includes hormone imbalance, vitamin deficiency, brain malfunctioning, or any organic aspects that might interfere with learning of behaving.

they explained juvenile delinquency as the outcome of children's personality traits

the higher educational and occupational aspirations an individual hold, the higher the cost for turning to crime.

he explains that "some deviance is inevitable in societ"yet he also believes that an individual's positions in a social structure will affect his experience of deviance and conformity

these theories are concerned with how behavior is influenced by hereditary factors that are more immediate than those formed during evolution

A special type of crime where the violation of legal standards that apply to the minors or juveniles

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

THE FOUR CATEGORIES

He concluded that we could predict man's likes and dislikes by measuring his body

EXAMPLE -XENOPHOBIA -HOMOPHOBIA -MENTAL DISORDERS

means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working. EXAMPLE VAGABONDS OUTCAST DRUG ADDICTS ALCOHOLICS

He said no act is inherently deviant. It must first be defined by other people as violating a norm.

do not agree with either the society's goals or the means in which they try to attend them. Instead, they work towards different goals but different means.

TYPES OF DEVIANCE

occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the means approved by society

According to them pathology has been popular and has a t spying explanation for deviance for two main reasons.

Reckless and Dinitz( 1967) explained juvenile delinquency as the outcome of the children's personality traits.

People who are thin, delicate, and bony, with small face, sharp nose and fine hair.

Sigmund Freud - the father of psychoanalysis . hold that the unconscious (the part of the individual consisting of irrational thoughts and feelings of which he/she is not aware) causes one to commit deviant acts.

WILLIAM H. SHELDON Concluded that we could predict man's likes and dislikes by measuring his body. The theory of body types of Somatotypes stated that the people's behavior or temperament is determined by their physique.

author of social bond theory

ROBERT MERTON

do not agree with either the society's goals or the means and which they try to attain them. Does not conform to society's norms at all.

- A common type of deviance - It is a violation of norms that is legally pronounced and enacted into a criminal law. EXAMPLE MINOR CRIMES - VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC RULES SERIOUS CRIMES -MURDER -RAPE -ROBBERY

which more positive and involves making the wrongdoer feel guilty while showing him/her understanding, forgiveness, or respect

is the most popular type of response that involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving its goals

deviance, and those who are deviant, have long been looked at as the black sheep of society.

explains how social factors such as religion, economics, family and education relate to the choices and action of an individual.

ERIKSON- No act is inherently deviant it must be first be defined by other people as violating a norm. -Deviant are people who break the society's rules. In the use of social control, people know that non-compliance with the laws means punishments, while compliance with them means reward.

have given up hope to meet the goals society sets, but keep on acting as if they are trying to.

A deviant this term can be used to describe anyone who "deviates" from what a society perceives to be normality. From tattoos and piercings to prime over body has committed a a deviant act.

means doing something that is different from what people consider to be normal or acceptable

Agree with the goal's society set, but does not agree with society's approved way to attain them. Work stewardess ghost by alternative methods

People who are fat, soft, and around with short tapering limbs.

TWO TYPES OF SHAMING

occurs when people no longer set high success goals but continue to toil as conscientious, diligent workers.

In sociology, deviance describes an action or behavior that violates the social norms including a formally enacted rule(e.g crime) as well as informal violations of social norms ( e.g Rejecting folkways, and mores). deviance may refer to any action that is perceived as violating widely shared moral values or norms of a society or group culture. because moral standards change over time and vary from one society or group to another, ideas of what is deviant vary and changes sociologist believe that deviant behavior fails to conform to the norms of the group. the norms violated may not have been formalized into law. It has to be noted that deviation from norms will not always be negative.

in which the wrongdoer punished in such a way as to stigmatize, reject, or ostracize the person, and in effect banishing, the wrongdoer from conventional society

is the response that involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means.

People who are big- boned and muscular with large trunk, heavy chest, and large wrist and hands.

the theories concerned with the long-term development of specific behaviors over the course of many generations.

HIRSCHI SUGGEST4 WAYS IN WHICH INDIVIDUAL BECOME BONDED TO SOCIETY

ACCORDING TO FREUD, OUR PERSONALITY HAS THREE PARTS (our irrational drives and instinct) (our consequence and guide as internalize from our parents and other authority figures) (the balance among the impulsive of the ID, the restrictions and demands of the superego, and the requirements of the society)

JOHN BRAITHWAITE, an Australian sociologist, emphasized of society control people through shaming.

SOCIOBIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE Sociobiological approaches from the book of Charles H. McCaghy, Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and interest Groups.

is one that short of combines both functionalist theory and conflict theory.