DEVIANT AND SOCIAL CONTROL

59問 • 2年前

問題一覧

means doing something that is different from what people consider to be normal or acceptable

DEVIATION

In sociology, deviance describes an action or behavior that violates the social norms including a formally enacted rule(e.g crime) as well as informal violations of social norms ( e.g Rejecting folkways, and mores). deviance may refer to any action that is perceived as violating widely shared moral values or norms of a society or group culture. because moral standards change over time and vary from one society or group to another, ideas of what is deviant vary and changes sociologist believe that deviant behavior fails to conform to the norms of the group. the norms violated may not have been formalized into law. It has to be noted that deviation from norms will not always be negative.

DEVIANCE

TYPES OF DEVIANCE

CRIME, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, NON-CRIMINAL DEVIANCE

- A common type of deviance - It is a violation of norms that is legally pronounced and enacted into a criminal law. EXAMPLE MINOR CRIMES - VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC RULES SERIOUS CRIMES -MURDER -RAPE -ROBBERY

CRIME

A special type of crime where the violation of legal standards that apply to the minors or juveniles

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

EXAMPLE -XENOPHOBIA -HOMOPHOBIA -MENTAL DISORDERS

NON-CRIMINAL DEVIANCE

ERIKSON- No act is inherently deviant it must be first be defined by other people as violating a norm. -Deviant are people who break the society's rules. In the use of social control, people know that non-compliance with the laws means punishments, while compliance with them means reward.

SOCIAL DEFINITION OF DEVIANCE

CESARE LOMBROSO - Italian Father of Criminology - He concluded based on his observations and experiences as army physician that criminals possesse -Developed an index of criminality based on the shape of the person's head and earlobe

BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES

WILLIAM H. SHELDON Concluded that we could predict man's likes and dislikes by measuring his body. The theory of body types of Somatotypes stated that the people's behavior or temperament is determined by their physique.

THE SOMATOTYPES

THE TREE SOMATOTYPES

ENDOMORPHS, ECTOMORPHS, MESOMORPHS

People who are fat, soft, and around with short tapering limbs.

ENDOMORPHS

People who are thin, delicate, and bony, with small face, sharp nose and fine hair.

ECTOMORPHS

People who are big- boned and muscular with large trunk, heavy chest, and large wrist and hands.

MESOMORPHS

The theory suggests that the excessive aggression and hostility are the result of the presence of an extra Y chromosome

GENETICS

According to smith and preston (1982 ) pathology has been popular and has satisfying explanation for deviance for two main reasons pathology based theory is easily understood since everyone knows what disease is and this is easily given credibility pathology removes the element of blame, that is no person or institutions responsible for deviant behavior since it is caused by physical or emotional problem of the individual.

PATHOLOGY

SOCIOBIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE Sociobiological approaches from the book of Charles H. McCaghy, Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and interest Groups.

EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS, GENETIC DIFFERENCES, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES, PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY, BEHAVIORAL THEORIES, CONTAINMENT THEORY

the theories concerned with the long-term development of specific behaviors over the course of many generations.

EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

these theories are concerned with how behavior is influenced by hereditary factors that are more immediate than those formed during evolution

GENETIC DIFFERENCES

these theories concerned a wide range of psychological factors that might influence human behavior.It includes hormone imbalance, vitamin deficiency, brain malfunctioning, or any organic aspects that might interfere with learning of behaving.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

Sigmund Freud - the father of psychoanalysis . hold that the unconscious (the part of the individual consisting of irrational thoughts and feelings of which he/she is not aware) causes one to commit deviant acts.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

ACCORDING TO FREUD, OUR PERSONALITY HAS THREE PARTS (our irrational drives and instinct) (our consequence and guide as internalize from our parents and other authority figures) (the balance among the impulsive of the ID, the restrictions and demands of the superego, and the requirements of the society)

THE ID, SUPER EGO, EGO

according to this approach deviant behavior is learned by a series of trials and errors. people adjust and modify their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments elicited by their actions.

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

Reckless and Dinitz( 1967) explained juvenile delinquency as the outcome of the children's personality traits.

CONTAINMENT THEORY

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY, STRAIN THEORY, DEVIANT SUBCULTURES, CONTROL THEORY, SHAMING THEORY

According to EMILE DURKHEIM, deviance can serves a number of functions for society.

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY

EMILE DURKHEIM HE ENUMERATED FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE.

DEVIANCE IS A FUNCTION OF CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS, RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE CLARIFIES MORAL BOUNDARY, RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE PROMOTES SOCIAL UNITY, DEVIANCE ENCOURAGE SOCIAL CHANGE

ROBERT MERTON

STRAIN THEORY

FOLLOWING TYPES OF DEVIANCE THAT EMERGE FROM STRAIN

CONFORMITY, INNOVATION, RITUALISM, RETREATISM, REBELLION

is the most popular type of response that involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving its goals

CONFORMITY

is the response that involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means.

INNOVATION

occurs when people no longer set high success goals but continue to toil as conscientious, diligent workers.

RITUALISM

means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working. EXAMPLE VAGABONDS OUTCAST DRUG ADDICTS ALCOHOLICS

RETREATISM

occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the means approved by society

REBELLION

Richard Cloward and Lloyd pointed out that the criminal deviance results when there is legitimate opportunity tormo achieve success plus available legitimate opportunity for them, patterns of deviance and conformity largely reflect the relative opportunity structure confronted by various categories of young people. according to them if an illegal (criminal )structure is not readily available in a given social location, a criminal subculture is not likely to develop adolescence, if violence offers our primary channel to higher status in a community, a greater participation by juveniles and conplict (violence) will normally occur.

DEVIANT SUBCULTURES

the advocate of this theory is Travis Hirschi he assumes that the family, school and other social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in every individual the absence of social control causes deviance

CONTROL THEORY

HIRSCHI SUGGEST4 WAYS IN WHICH INDIVIDUAL BECOME BONDED TO SOCIETY

ATTACHMENT TO OTHERS, COMMITMENT, INVOLVEMENT, BELIEF

JOHN BRAITHWAITE, an Australian sociologist, emphasized of society control people through shaming.

SHAMING THEORY

TWO TYPES OF SHAMING

DISINTEGRATIVE SHAMING, REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING

in which the wrongdoer punished in such a way as to stigmatize, reject, or ostracize the person, and in effect banishing, the wrongdoer from conventional society

DISINTEGRATIVE SHAMING

which more positive and involves making the wrongdoer feel guilty while showing him/her understanding, forgiveness, or respect

REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING

A deviant this term can be used to describe anyone who "deviates" from what a society perceives to be normality. From tattoos and piercings to prime over body has committed a a deviant act.

THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

deviance, and those who are deviant, have long been looked at as the black sheep of society.

FUNCTIONALISM

is one that short of combines both functionalist theory and conflict theory.

STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY

he explains that "some deviance is inevitable in societ"yet he also believes that an individual's positions in a social structure will affect his experience of deviance and conformity

ROBERT MERTON

He said no act is inherently deviant. It must first be defined by other people as violating a norm.

ERIKSON

He concluded that we could predict man's likes and dislikes by measuring his body

WILLIAM H. SHELDON

According to them pathology has been popular and has a t spying explanation for deviance for two main reasons.

SMITH AND PRESTON

FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

SIGMUND FREUD

italian father of criminology He concluded based on his observation and experience as army physician that criminals possesses.

CESARE LOMBROSO

they explained juvenile delinquency as the outcome of children's personality traits

RECKLESS AND DINITZ

author of social bond theory

TRAVIS HIRSCHI

THE FOUR CATEGORIES

INNOVATORS, RITUALISTS, RETREATISTS, REBELS

Agree with the goal's society set, but does not agree with society's approved way to attain them. Work stewardess ghost by alternative methods

INNOVATORS

have given up hope to meet the goals society sets, but keep on acting as if they are trying to.

RITUALISTS

do not agree with either the society's goals or the means and which they try to attain them. Does not conform to society's norms at all.

RETREATISTS

do not agree with either the society's goals or the means in which they try to attend them. Instead, they work towards different goals but different means.

REBELS

explains how social factors such as religion, economics, family and education relate to the choices and action of an individual.

SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

the higher educational and occupational aspirations an individual hold, the higher the cost for turning to crime.

COMMITMENT

social attachments can also be fruitfully thought of as investments

ATTACHMENTS

BASIC STATISTIC

Marjorie Grana · 55問 · 2年前

BASIC STATISTIC