Defines as a careful, systematic study of knowledge in the field of criminal justice, undertaken to discover or establish facts of crimes or causations of crime

Material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is not too long.

It should be emphasized in this area that the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials are relevant to the problem under investigation

•Made clear that there is no duplication of other studies. •It may be a replication of another study. •Stress that in spite of similar studies, the present study is still necessary to find out if the findings of the studies in other places are also true in the locale of the present study

In this method the ideas, facts, and principles, although they have the same meaning, are explained or discussed separately and cited in the footnote with their respective authors or writers

In this case, if different authors or writers have the same opinion about the same topics, the topic is discussed and cited under the names of the authors and writers. This is the summary of their opinions. This is to avoid separate and long discussions on the same topic.

Go beyond merely describing the studies; critically analyze them. Point out gaps in the literature, contradictions, or areas needing further research.

Organize your review in a logical manner, often by theme, methodology, or chronological order, to ensure that the reader can easily follow the progression of research in the field

Presumed cause of the dependent variable

Presumed effect of the independent variable

Also known as nominal variables, represent categories or groups

Represent measurable Quantities and can take on an infinite number of values within a given range

Condition or characteristics that the researcher manipulates, controls or observes.

Refers to the extent and boundaries of the research. Defines specific aspect of the research topic.

Provides the details to the reader on how the study will contribute and who will benefit from it.

Is a visual or written representation that outlines the key concepts, variables, and their relationships. Serves as a blueprint for research

Methodical and chronological procedure that leads to discovering the truth

All measures employed and the information collected are perceived in a similar way

All findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data, and no effort is made to alter the results of the research

This is to guide the investigation process.The specific subproblems or specific questions serves as the hypothesis and they are tested

To quantify the data and generalize results from a sample to the population of intrerest

To understand the meaning, characteristics, and qualities of a particular phenomenon or experience

Explore a problem or situation where little information is available used to identify patterns, hypothesis, or new ideas

A specific, testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

Answerable by yes or no”