問題一覧
1
The equator divides the Earth into: A) Two time zones B) Northern and Southern Hemispheres C) Eastern and Western Hemispheres D) Tropics and Poles
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
2
The Prime Meridian passes through: A) Paris B) London C) Greenwich D) Rome
Greenwich
3
The longest latitude on Earth is: A) Arctic Circle B) Tropic of Cancer C) Equator D) Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
4
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is closest to Earth's surface? A) Stratosphere B) Mesosphere C) Troposphere D) Thermosphere
Troposphere
5
The Earth’s rotation causes: A) Seasons B) Day and Night C) Tectonic activity D) Ocean currents
Day and Night
6
The movement of tectonic plates is caused by: A) Earth's magnetic field B) Heat from the Sun C) Convection currents in the mantle D) Gravity
Convection currents in the mantle
7
What causes the Earth's seasons? A) Distance from the Sun B) Tilt of the Earth's axis C) Earth's gravity D) Rotation speed
Tilt of the Earth's axis
8
Which ocean current is responsible for keeping Europe’s climate warm? A) Humboldt Current B) Gulf Stream C) Canary Current D) Benguela Current
Gulf Stream
9
The Earth’s structure consists of three main layers, which are: A) Core, Mantle, Crust B) Inner Core, Outer Core, Surface C) Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere D) Rock, Soil, Water
Core, Mantle, Crust
10
The mantle is primarily composed of: A) Solid iron B) Molten rock (magma) C) Liquid water D) Oxygen and nitrogen
Molten rock (magma)
11
Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates? A) Inner Core B) Lithosphere C) Asthenosphere D) Outer Core
Asthenosphere
12
The outer core is responsible for generating: A) Earth's gravity B) Earth's magnetic field C) Plate tectonics D) Volcanic eruptions
Earth's magnetic field
13
The discontinuity between the crust and the mantle is called the: A) Lehmann Discontinuity B) Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho) C) Gutenberg Discontinuity D) Conrad Discontinuity
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho)
14
Which layer of the Earth is the outermost?
Crust
15
What is the Earth's mantle primarily composed of?
Semi-solid Rock
16
Which layer of the Earth is liquid?
Outer Core
17
The Earth's core is mainly made up of which two elements?
Iron and Nickel
18
The boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle, where seismic waves change speed, is called:
Moho Discontinuity
19
Which discontinuity marks the transition from the mantle to the liquid outer core?
Gutenberg Discontinuity
20
Who discovered the discontinuity that separates the outer core and inner core?
Inge Lehmann
21
Which of the following is NOT a major discontinuity inside the Earth?
Asthenospheric Discontinuity
22
The Lehmann Discontinuity separates which two layers of the Earth?
Outer Core and Inner Core
23
Which discontinuity lies at an approximate depth of 2900 km?
Gutenberg Discontinuity
24
What happens to P-waves when they pass through the Gutenberg Discontinuity?
They slow down significantly
25
The Moho Discontinuity is deeper under which type of crust?
Continental Crust
26
The Repetti Discontinuity is found within which layer of the Earth?
Mantle
27
The continental crust is primarily composed of which type of rock?
Granite
28
Which of the following characteristics best describes oceanic crust?
Thinner and more dense
29
What is the average thickness of continental crust?
20–90 km
30
The oceanic crust mainly consists of which rock type?
Basalt
31
Which crust is older in age?
Continental crust
32
What happens to oceanic crust as it moves away from mid-ocean ridges?
It becomes older
33
Why does oceanic crust subduct under continental crust in plate tectonics?
Oceanic crust is denser
34
Which of the following is NOT true about continental crust?
It is mainly composed of basalt
35
Which process forms new oceanic crust?
Sea-floor spreading
36
Which of the following is true about the oceanic crust?
It is thinner than the continental crust
37
In which region is the continental crust the thickest?
Mountain ranges
38
The Moho Discontinuity is deeper under which type of crust?
Continental crust
39
Which type of crust has a higher density?
Oceanic crust
40
Which factor contributes to the lower density of continental crust?
It contains more silica-rich rocks
41
What is the effect of density differences between oceanic and continental crust on plate tectonics?
It drives subduction of oceanic crust
42
Which two elements are most abundant in the continental crust?
Silicon and Aluminum
43
Which layer of the Earth contains both the lithosphere and asthenosphere?
Mantle
44
What is the primary difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
The lithosphere is rigid, while the asthenosphere is ductile
45
Why do tectonic plates move over the asthenosphere?
The asthenosphere is partially molten and allows convection currents
46
Which layer of the Earth lies directly below the crust?
Mantle
47
What is the primary composition of the mantle?
Silicate minerals rich in Magnesium and Iron
48
Which part of the mantle is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates?
Asthenosphere
49
Which of the following best describes the temperature of the mantle?
Hotter than the crust but cooler than the core
50
Which of the following best describes the asthenosphere?
A partially molten, ductile layer beneath the lithosphere
51
How does the temperature of the asthenosphere compare to the lithosphere?
It is hotter than the lithosphere
52
Which layer of the Earth has the largest volume?
Mantle
53
How does the volume of the crust compare to the mantle?
The crust is much smaller in volume than the mantle
54
Which part of the Earth’s core is liquid?
Outer core
55
What is the main composition of the Earth's core?
Iron and Nickel
56
Which layer of the Earth is responsible for generating the planet's magnetic field?
Outer core
57
What is the estimated temperature of the inner core?
5,000°C – 6,000°C
58
What is degassing in geological terms?
The release of gases from Earth's interior to the surface
59
Which of the following is the primary source of gases released during Earth's degassing?
Volcanic eruptions and magma
60
Which gas was likely most abundant in Earth's early atmosphere due to degassing?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
61
Which of the following is an example of a direct source of information about Earth’s interior?
Deep drilling and mining
62
Why are seismic waves considered an indirect source of information about Earth's interior?
They travel through Earth's layers and change speed or direction
63
Which type of seismic wave cannot pass through the liquid outer core?
Secondary waves (S-waves)
64
What is the role of meteorites in understanding Earth’s interior?
They have the same composition as Earth's core and mantle
65
Why is Earth's magnetic field an important indirect source of information about the interior?
It is created by movements in the liquid outer core
66
What is the deepest borehole ever drilled to study Earth's interior?
Kola Superdeep Borehole
67
How do volcanic eruptions help in studying Earth's interior?
They bring up molten material from deep inside the Earth
68
Why is rock sampling from deep mines considered a direct source?
It provides actual physical samples from inside the Earth
69
Which of the following is an example of an indirect source of information about Earth's interior?
Seismic wave analysis
70
What is the primary objective of India’s Deep Ocean Mission?
To explore deep-sea mineral resources and marine biodiversity
71
How does Earth's gravitational force help in studying its interior?
Variations in gravity indicate differences in Earth's internal density
72
How do magnetic surveys help in studying Earth’s interior?
They detect variations in Earth's magnetic field caused by different rock types
73
Why do S-waves not travel through Earth's outer core?
S-waves can only travel through solids, and the outer core is liquid
74
What causes an earthquake to occur?
Release of energy due to stress along faults in Earth's crust
75
Which seismic waves are the fastest and travel through both solids and liquids?
P-waves
76
Why do most earthquakes occur along tectonic plate boundaries?
Stress accumulates due to plate interactions, causing faults to rupture
77
What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake?
The focus is deep inside the Earth, while the epicenter is directly above it on the surface
78
Why are surface waves more destructive than P-waves and S-waves?
They move along the surface, causing more structural damage
79
What is the hypocenter of an earthquake?
The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates
80
What is the difference between the hypocenter and the epicenter?
The hypocenter is inside the Earth, while the epicenter is on the surface
81
How does the depth of the hypocenter affect an earthquake's impact?
Shallower hypocenters result in stronger shaking at the surface
82
Where are deep-focus earthquakes (greater than 300 km depth) most commonly found?
In subduction zones
83
What is the relationship between the lithosphere and the focus of an earthquake?
Earthquakes originate in the lithosphere, where the focus is located
84
In which layer of Earth is the focus (hypocenter) of most earthquakes located?
Crust and upper mantle
85
Why do earthquakes not originate in the asthenosphere?
The asthenosphere is too hot and ductile to store stress
86
How is the epicenter of an earthquake determined?
By measuring the time difference between P-waves and S-waves at multiple seismic stations
87
How does the epicenter differ from the focus of an earthquake?
The focus is inside the Earth, while the epicenter is on the surface
88
What are seismic waves?
Vibrations that travel through the Earth when an earthquake occurs
89
Which type of seismic waves causes the most destruction?
Surface waves
90
How do body waves differ from surface waves?
Body waves travel through the Earth's interior, while surface waves travel along the surface
91
Why do surface waves cause more destruction than body waves?
They move the ground more violently and affect buildings directly
92
Which surface wave moves in a rolling motion similar to ocean waves?
Rayleigh wave
93
What is the main difference between P-waves and S-waves?
P-waves travel faster and can pass through solids, liquids, and gases, while S-waves travel slower and only through solids
94
How do S-waves move compared to P-waves?
P-waves move in a push-pull (compressional) motion, while S-waves move in a shearing motion (perpendicular to travel direction)
95
What happens to P-waves and S-waves when they reach a boundary between two different layers inside the Earth?
They change speed and direction, a process called refraction
96
What does the propagation of seismic waves refer to?
The movement of seismic waves through different layers of the Earth
97
Which factor has the most significant impact on the speed of seismic wave propagation?
The density and elasticity of the material the waves travel through
98
What causes seismic shadow zones, where certain types of waves are not detected?
The inability of S-waves to travel through the liquid outer core and the refraction of P-waves
99
What is the P-wave shadow zone?
The region on Earth where no P-waves are detected after an earthquake
100
Why do P-waves create a shadow zone?
They bend (refract) sharply when passing through the liquid outer core