問題一覧
1
It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.
Semantic Memory
2
Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability and freedom fear belong to what hierarchy of needs?
Safety Needs
3
A human factor program that carefully analyzes all the must be performed to complete a job efficiently and safely.
Action
4
Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences - a desire to become everything one Is capable of becoming belong to what hierarchy of needs?
Self-Actualization Needs
5
It is considered to be the storage and retention of information, experience and knowledge, as well as ability to retrieve information.
Memory
6
Human sense that are responsible for collecting vital tasks and environmental-related information are subiect to limitations and degradation
Input characteristics
7
Human sense that are responsible for collecting vital tasks and environmental-related information are subiect to limitations and degradation
Input characteristics
8
Humans have limitations such as working memory capacity, time, and retrieval considerations. These limitations can influence individuals to make false hypothesis and degrading decision making.
Information processing
9
In the design of any workspace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements which will vay according to age and gender groups.
Physical size and shape
10
Aviation maintenance human factors programs that focus on the people who perform the work, or ho perform the job and address physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors.
People
11
A component of SHELL model that includes the non-physical, intangible aspects of aviation whch regulate the operational structure and how system information is organized, presented, and transferred to the people operating within the system.
Software
12
It receives a proportion of the information into sensory stores and allows us to store information long enough to use it. It can store only a relatively small amount of information at one time.
Short term memory
13
They are the people who you socialize with, or someone who is like someone else often shares similar histories, ages, and characteristic.
peers
14
A human factor program that focuses on the area in which hey work. It includes a physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar, or in the shop, and the organization that exists within the company.
Environment
15
It refers to memory of specific events such as our past experiences including people, events and objects. It is heavily influenced by a person's expectations of what should've happened.
Episodic memory
16
It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.
Semantic Memory
17
An interaction between the human operator and any person in the aviation system during the performance of associated task. It encompasses the interrelationship amongst the individuals within and between the different operator groups.
Liveware - Liveware
18
It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.
Semantic Memory
19
After perceiving and processing information, the output involves making a decision, taking action, and verification through a feedback loop to ensure proper action was taken.
Output characteristics
20
An interaction that occurs between the human operator, and the internal & external environments. It involves adapting the environment to match the human requirements.
Liveware - Environment
21
It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.
Semantic Memory
22
An interaction between the human operator and the non - physical supporting systems that exist within the workplace. They involve designing software to match the interaction of the human users, ensuring that the software is capable of being implemented and addressing the human system behaviors
Liveware-software
23
These are biological requirements for human survival (air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, and sleep). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?
Physiological needs
24
A group of people with one more shared interests or characteristics.
Peer group
25
A person can be motivated by values that go beyond the personal self (mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to other, and the pursuit of science and religious faith). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?
Transcendence Needs
26
Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form belong to what hierarchy of needs?
Aesthetic Needs
27
The environment component that includes the physical environment outside the immediate work area such as weather, terrain and congested airspace. It also includes physical infrastructure including airports, as well as the organizational, economic, regulatory, political and social elements
External environment
28
Humans require food, water and oxygen to function efficiently. Any deficits can affect cognitive function, physical performance, and emotional well-being.
Fuel Requirements
29
A component of SHELL Model that includes the physical elements of the aviation operational system such as aircraft(including controls, surfaces, display, functional system and seating), operator equipment, tools, materials, building, vehicles, computer, conveyor belts, etc.
hardware
30
A type of peer pressure that is very specific to a behaviour-based conformity. This is when a person uses verbal or non-verbal cues to persuade someone to do something.
Direct peer pressure
31
It is a direct influence on people by peers who get encouraged to follow their peers by changing their habits, values, and behaviors
Peer pressure
32
Not enough tools, inappropriate equipment, and poor aircraft design for maintainability are under what element of the SHELL model?
Hardware
33
Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning, and predictability belong to what hierarchy of needs?
Cognitive Needs
34
An interaction between the human operator and the machine. It involves comparing and matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit, or equipment with the anthropological needs of the users. Also involves considering the different task to be performed during normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.
Liveware - hardware
35
Relationship with other people, shortage of manpower, lack of supervision, and lack of support from managers are under what element of SHELL model?
Liveware
36
Uncomfortable workplace, inadequate hangar space, extreme temperatures, excessive noise and poor lighting are under what element of the SHELL model?
Environment
37
A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
38
A type of peer pressure that involves one individual or a group asking another individual to participate in some type of behavior. This is when someone verbally influences another person to do something.
Spoken peer pressure
39
It appears to be unlimited. It is used to store information that is not currently being used including knowledge of the physical world and objects within it, personal experiences, belief about people, social norms, motor programs, problem solving skills, and plans for achieving various activities.
Long term memory
40
A type of peer pressure that can challenge individuals to do something they may not usually do and engage in such behaviors because others are doing it - so it's a way to belong.
Negative peer pressure
41
SHELL mode in human factors stands for
Software-hardware-environment-liveware
42
Maslow classified this into two categories - the high regard for oneself (e.g. dignity, achievements, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g. status, prestige). What hierarchy of needs does this belong to?
Esteem needs
43
After physiological safety needs are fulfilled, humans need interpersonal relationships that motivate behaviors including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and receiving & giving affection. What hierarchy of needs to these belong to?
Love and belongingness needs
44
A type of peer pressure that involves and individuals being exposed to certain behaviors, trends, or choices of others. This is when someone is exposed to the action of one or more peers and is left to choose whether they want to follow along.
Unspoken peer pressure
45
A type of peer pressure that is felt in one-on-one situations or group that yields positive results and healthier lifestyle choices. This is when a person is influenced by others to engage in beneficial or productive behavior.
Positive peer pressure
46
In order for people to function effectively, the environment must be maintained within an optimal window, and theretore their performance and well-being is affected by physical environment factors such as temperature, vibration, and noise.
Environmental tolerances
47
Misinterpretation of procedures, badly written manuals, poorly designed checklists, untested or difficult to use computer software are under what element of the SHELL model?
Software
48
A human factor program that focuses on the criteria necessary to complete a job such as tools, equipment, materials, technical, manuals, the number and qualification of the staff, the amount of time allocated, and the level of communication.
Resources
49
A component of SHELL model that includes the context in which aircraft and the aviation operational system resources function are made up of physical, organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social variables that impact the worker/operator.
environment
50
A type of peer pressure that is less invasive. No one is singling you out, but the environment you are in may influence you to do something.
Indirect peer pressure
51
The environment component that relates to the immediate work area and includes physical factors such as cabin/cockpit temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration, and ambient light levels
Internal environment
52
It is activated when examining the role of sensory stores. It has a duration of up to 2 seconds (depending on the sense) and is used as a buffer.
Ultra short term memory
53
A component of the SHELL model consists of the people operating in the aviation system. This includes the slight crews, cabin personnel, ground crew, scheduler, dispatcher, maintenance workers, management and administration personnel. It also considers the users cognitive and physical performance, capabilities and limitations.
Liveware
54
Between which components is an interface mismatch causing disturbance of the biological rhythm, thus leading to reduced human performance?
Liveware - Environment
55
Thinking on human reliability is changing
Human errors are now considered as being inherent to the cognitive function of human and are generally inescapable
56
Between which components is an interface mismatch causing an error of interpretation by using an old threc-point altimeter?
Liveware - Hardware
57
In 1972, a psychologist named Edwards presented a concept of the interface between flight crew and other parts of the airspace environment. What is this concept called and the names of those elements involved:
The SHEL Concept: Software, hardware, environment and liveware
58
Who in the Aviation Industry is responsible for flight safety:
Everyone involved
59
As a cause of accidents, the human factor:
is cited in approximately 70 to 80% of aviation accidents
60
The errors resulting from an irrational indexing system in an operations manual arc related to an intertace mismatch between:
Liveware - Software
61
Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that:
there is hardly ever a single cause responsible
62
The elements of the SHEL model are:
Software, hardware, environment and liveware
63
Which is true regarding the interaction between various elements of the SHEL model?
The liveware is the hub of the SHEL model; therefore the non-human components should be adapted and matched to this central component
64
With reference to the SHEL Model, S represents:
Software (which includes check lists)