Which of the following statements regarding lateral resolution is false? Select one: lateral resolution is also called angular or transvers resolution lateral resolution is the same at all depths lateral resolution is best at the focus of a sound beam lateral resolution is improved by focusing lateral resolution depends upon beam diameter

Which of the following PZT crystals will produce a sound beam with the shallowest focus? Select one: 6 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness, 5 MHz frequency 5 mm diameter 5 mm thickness, 6 MHz frequency 4 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness, 2 MHz frequency 4 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness, 5 MHz frequency 6 mm diameter, 4 mm thickness, 4 MHz frequency

What form of image is created with the use of a two dimensional array? Select one: fundamental image harmonic image three dimensional image duplex image two dimensional image

Voltage is applied to a material with piezoelectric properties. What will result? Select one: A rise in temperature will be created. A sound wave will be created. The material will change shape. Depolarization will result. The material will be sterilized.

On a B-mode, in which axis of the display will the time of flight be represented? Select one: X-axis Z-axis C-axis orthogonal axis Y-axis

sonographer decreases the number of foci in an image from 4 to 2. Which of the following statements is most correct? Select one: lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases

Which of the following materials is used to disinfect ultrasound transducers? Select one: erythromycin gluteraldehyde epoxy betadyne Belvedere

What happens to the active element of a transducer when it's temperature exceeds the Curie point? Select one: depolarization disinfection reverse piezoelectric effect lamination demodulation

What factors determine the frequency of sound created by an imaging transducer? Select one: the thickness of the active element only the ultrasound machine the density of the active element and the speed of sound the matching layer the density and elasticity of the active element the stiffness, density and thickness of the active element

A single disc-shaped transducer crystal is 8 mm in diameter. A sound beam is created. The focal depth is 3 cm. The beam is unfocused. What is the diameter of the sound beam as it leaves the transducer? Select one: 8 mm 3 cm 2 mm 16 mm 32 mm

Which of the following components of a basic ultrasound transducer is identified by the letter "A"? Select one: Backing material Damping element Active element Demodulator Matching layer

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: Lower frequency sound penetrates less, but improves spatial resolution. Higher frequency sound penetrates less, but improves contrast resolution. Lower frequency sound penetrates less, but improves axial resolution. Higher frequency sound penetrates less, but improves axial resolution.

Low-frequency sound waves are better able to create images at greater depths. Why would a sonographer select a high-frequency transducer? Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior lateral resolution. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution.

Which of the following transducers creates an sector-shaped image that is blunted on top? Select one: linear phased annular mechanical linear sequential convex phased

Comparing therapeutic and imaging ultrasound transducers, which of the following statements is true? Select one: therapeutic transducers have shorter pulse duration imaging transducers have higher quality factor imaging transducers have lesser bandwidth therapeutic transducers have a longer spatial pulse length imaging transducers have higher sensitivity

What is the location where a sound beam has the narrowest diameter and the beam has its maximum intensity? Select one: Fresnel zone far zone near zone focus focal zone

All of the following statements are true of vector arrays EXCEPT: Select one: they are a combination of linear switched and linear phased array technology the image shape is a sector with a flat top multi-focusing is not possible focusing is achieved using electronic techniques they are a combination of linear sequential and linear phased array technology

Which of the following transducers is best described as creating sound beams that are mechanically steered and conventionally focused? Select one: linear sequential annular linear phased mechanical annular phased

A linear sequential array probe has 128 crystals. In this case, approximately how many of these crystals will be fired simultaneously for each sound pulse penetrating into the body? Select one: 6 128 1 64

Which transducer type creates an image with band of dropout from the top of the image to the bottom of the image when one of the active elements is damaged? Select one: annular phased annular mechanical linear sequential linear phased

With a mirror image artifact, which of the following statements is true? Select one: the artifact (second-copy) is always deeper than the true reflector the true reflector is always deeper than the artifact (second-copy) the artifact (second-copy) is always superficial to the mirror the mirror is always deeper than the artifact (second-copy) the artifact (second copy) and the true reflector are at the same depth

Which of the following has the greatest effect upon patient exposure to ultrasound? Select one: output power receiver gain output amplitude exam duration output intensity

Which of the following terms is described as 'the science of identifying and measuring those characteristics of an ultrasound field which are relevant to its potential for producing biological effects"? Select one: cavitation empirical bioeffects assessment dosimetry in-vitro bioeffects in-vivo bioeffects

What type of image does a Schlieren system produce? Select one: Polaroid a shadow x-ray image color flow image ultrasound image

Which component of an ultrasound system exposes the patient to the greatest risk? Select one: gel monitor electricity transducer backing material

Which of the following terms best describes the structure identified by the blue arrow? a homogenous structure a lowly attenuating structure a structure with a low propagation speed a highly attenuating structure a structure with a high propagation speed

Which of the following organizations regulates the output of ultrasound systems? Select one: ARDMS PETA AIUM FDA ACR

Sound waves are traveling in tissue at a speed of 1,600 m/s. An artifact appears on the image displayed on the monitor. Which of the following best describes the artifact produced under these conditions? Select one: compared to the true anatomy, too many reflectors will appear on the image compared to the true anatomy, too few reflectors will appear on the image reflections in the image appear deeper than the true position of the reflectors in the body reflections in the image will be at the correct depth, but will be displaced laterally reflectors are actually located deeper in the body than they appear on the image

With a grating lobe artifact, which of the following statements is true? Select one: the artifact (second-copy) is always deeper than the true reflector the artifact (second-copy) is always superficial to a mirroring object the true reflector is always deeper than the artifact (second-copy) a reflector is always deeper than the artifact (second-copy) the artifact (second copy) and the true reflector are at the same depth

A real anatomic structure located in a position outside of the idealized imaging plane incorrectly appears on the ultrasound scan. What is the name of this artifact? Select one: apodization artifact depth ambiguity artifact slice thickness artifact mirror image artifact shadowing by refraction

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a goal of a quality assurance program? Select one: reduce the number of ultrasound scans that must be repeated minimize the time that a system is out of service optimizing image quality detect gradual changes in system performance reduce operating expenses

How frequently should quality assurance assessments be performed? Select one: routinely monthly intermittently weekly daily

Which of the following best describes the normal sensitivity settings of an ultrasound system? Select one: the amplification is maximized the gain is reduced so that bioeffects are minimized, ALARA wall filters and reject are shut off during a patient exam the TGC is set flat and deep objects are scanned in a patient all of the pins, cystic and solid masses in a test phantom are seen

What is the physical basis for cavitation? Select one: interaction of heat and microscopic gas bubbles interaction of sound and microscopic gas bubbles interaction of sound and large gas bubbles vibration of tissues and gas bubbles interaction of heat and tissues

With regards to tissue heating, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine has recommended specific maximum intensity limits. These intensity limits are different for sound beams that are focused and unfocused. Which of the following is the maximum intensity limit for focused sound beams? Select one: 100 watts per square centimeter, SPTA 100 milliwatts per square centimeter, SATP 1000 milliwatts per square centimeter, SPTA 100 milliwatts per square centimeter, SPTA 1000 milliwatts per square centimeter, SPTP

Mirror image artifact may be described by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: artifact is always brighter than the true reflector the artifact and the true reflector equidistant from the structure that serves as the mirror artifact always appears deeper than the true reflector the mirror is always between the true reflector and the artifact a second copy of a true reflector

Which of the following best describes the minimum sensitivity settings of an ultrasound system? Select one: the amplification is maximized wall filters and reject are shut off during a patient exam the gain is reduced so that bioeffects are minimized, ALARA the TGC is set flat and a deep object in a test phantom is visualized all of the pins, cystic and solid masses in a test phantom are seen

Which physical event is associated with stable cavitation? Select one: tissue vibration shear stresses acousto-impellar fracture excessive temperatures enormous intracellular pressures

In relation to speed artifact, which of the following statements is true? Select one: multiple artifactual copies of real reflectors appear on the image reflections always appear at depths that are incorrect and are too deep artifacts that are hyperechoic appear on the image reflections may appear at incorrect depths that are either too shallow or too deep reflections always appear at depths that are incorrect and are too superficial

An ultrasound system measures the distance between two pins in a test object that are 100 mm apart. One pin is located at a depth of 10 mm and the other is located at a depth of 110 mm. The calipers on the ultrasound system report the pins as being separated by 90 mm. Another set of pins, 50 mm apart, is evaluated with the same system. How far apart would these pins be reported? Select one: 45 mm 140 mm 100 mm 50 mm 10 mm

Which of the following image shapes will be created by an linear phased array transducer?

Which of the following image shapes will be created by an convex phased array transducer?

Certain ultrasound systems are able to focus sound beams using small time delays during reception. What is this focusing technique called? Select one: Annular Dynamic receive focusing Dynamic aperture Phase array Time delay apodization

What is the shape of an image created with a vector array transducer? Select one: trapezoidal blunted, curved-top sector rectangular convex sector

Which transducer type creates an image with a horizontal (or side-to-side) band of dropout when one of the active elements is damaged? Select one: annular phased linear phased linear sequential one and one-half array mechanical

Which of the following transducers does not create a sector-shaped image? Select one: annular linear phased annular phased mechanical linear sequential

What is the frame rate if the time to make a frame (Tf) is 0.01 seconds? Select one: • 0.01 Hz • 100 Hz • 100 seconds • 1000 Hz • 10 Hz

All of the following changes will improve temporal resolution EXCEPT: Select one: increasing the spacing between adjacent scan lines in the image changing to a lower frequency transducer decreasing the number of focal zones in the image increasing frame rate decreasing the number of pulses needed to create an image

When is the use of fill-in interpolation most relevant? Select one: when axial resolution is less than 0.5 cm when frame rate is low when temporal resolution is low when spatial resolution is poor when frame rate is high

An image appearing on the display of an ultrasound system is bistable. All of the following are consistent with a bistable image EXCEPT: Select one: two shades of gray one bit per pixel black and white image high contrast wide dynamic range

What is the first adjustment that a sonographer should attempt in order to fix the problem with this image? Select one: • adjust the threshold • increase the output power • adjust the TGC • increase the preamplification • increase the amplification

What type of imaging is based upon the different mechanical properties of media? Select one: • Pulse inversion imaging • Elastography • Harmonics • Mechano-deformation imaging

Many of the operational settings of an ultrasound system can be adjusted by the sonographer. Others cannot. All of the following receiver controls of an ultrasound system can be changed by the sonographer EXCEPT. Select one: reject demodulation compression amplification threshold

Which of the following system descriptions will create the highest signal-to-noise ratio? Select one: high output power, low amplification high TGC, low output power, no demodulation low compliance, high gain no reject, no TGC low output power, high amplification

An ultrasound image is displayed simultaneously on three devices - the monitor of the ultrasound system, a remote monitor located in an adjacent room and a photo printer. The images displayed on the ultrasound system and the remote monitor are optimal. The image displayed on the photo printer is too bright. Which of the following should be done first? Select one: Adjust the photo printer Call a service person Adjust the remote monitor Adjust the overall gain Increase the amplification or receiver gain

A component of an ultrasound machine can accurately process intensities in the range from 1 mw/sq cm to 4 mw/sq cm. What is the dynamic range of this component? Select one: 100 dB 16 dB 6 dB 10 dB -20 d

Which of the following receiver functions is a form of preprocessing? Select one: smoothing persistence Log compression edge enhancement frame averaging

Which of the following processes is most likely to be performed in the transducer? Select one: rectification preamplification probe filtration demodulation synchronization

In a digital scan converter, how many bits are required to represent 10 shades of gray? Select one: 10 4 3 5 2

Of the following operations performed by a receiver of an ultrasound system, which is the last to be performed? Select one: enveloping compression demodulation reject compensation

What is the significance of the term '2' in the Doppler equation? Select one: two Doppler shifts occur during a clinical Doppler exam two PZT crystals are required in a continuous wave Doppler transducer two reflections are required for the Fast Fourier transform analysis two red blood cells create a Doppler shift two pulses are required to measure a Doppler frequency accurately

Which of the following is affected by the ensemble length transmitted by an ultrasound probe? Select one: lateral resolution temporal resolution longitudinal resolution spatial resolution contrast resolution

All of the following techniques will eliminate aliasing EXCEPT: Select one: zero-baseline shift using a lower frequency transducer continuous wave Doppler performing the Doppler at an angle closer to 90 degrees shallower sample volume

What is the significance of the term '2' in the Doppler equation? Select one: two Doppler shifts occur during a clinical Doppler exam two PZT crystals are required in a continuous wave Doppler transducer two reflections are required for the Fast Fourier transform analysis two red blood cells create a Doppler shift two pulses are required to measure a Doppler frequency accurately

Which one of the following techniques is used to analyze color flow Doppler? Why? Select one: FFT, because it is so accurate autocorrelation, because it is so fast autocorrelation, because it is computer based autocorrelation, because it is easy to implement FFT, because it is the fastest

All of the following are spectral analysis techniques EXCEPT: Select one: demodulation function fast Fourier transform FFT correlation function autocorrelation

Aliasing is an artifact that appears while performing Doppler ultrasonography. Which of the following signals is most likely to alias? 7 MHz with a PRF of 3 kHz 6 MHz sound wave with a PRF of 3 kHz 2 MHz sound with a PRF of 3 kHz 9 MHz continuous wave sound 2 MHz continuous wave sound

A transducer emits an ultrasound beam in the direction of the red arrow. All of the red blood cells are traveling at the same speed, and in the directions indicated by the arrows. Which of the blood cells will create a reflection with the lowest amplitude?

During a Doppler exam, the frequency of the transducer is 4.05 MHz, the Doppler shift is -8,400 Hz, the gate size is 8 mm, the pulse duration is 2 us, the pulse repetition frequency is 7,900 Hz and the duty factor is 0.008. Which of the following is closest to the Nyquist limit? Select one: 4,200 Hz 4,000 Hz 7,900 Hz 4.05 MHz 0.004

Which of the following selections is inconsistent with cross talk artifact? it can be corrected by the use of threshold it is an artifact associated with Doppler it is an artifact that may be corrected by decreasing gain it appears as bi-directional flow it may be caused by a near-normal incidence of a sound beam in relation to the direction of flow

During an ultrasound exam, you see this image. An artifact is identified by the yellow arrow. Which of the following assumptions was violated in the creation of this artifact? sound pulses travels in a straight line sound waves travel 1,540 m/s in soft tissue reflection strength is related to the scattering characteristics of the reflecting structure in the body the slice of tissue imaged during an exam by the ultrasound system is extremely thin sound pulses travels directly to a reflector and back to the transducer

With regard to reverberation artifact, which of the following assumptions is untrue? Select one: sound travels 1,540 m/sec the reflection strength is related to the scattering characteristics of the tissues sound waves travel directly from the transducer to the reflectors and back to the transducer the imaging plane is razor thin there are no side lobes

Which of the following organizations regulates the output of ultrasound transducers? Select one: • NCAA • ACR • AIUM • ARDMS • FDA

Which of the following terms best describes an artifactual hyperechoic region extending downward from a structure? Select one: enhancement enhancement by diffraction shadowing by attenuation refraction artifact shadowing due to refraction

Which physical event is associated with stable cavitation? Select one: enormous intracellular pressures excessive temperatures tissue vibration acousto-impellar fracture shear stresses

Which of the following statement is true of a hydrophone used to measure the output of ultrasound transducers? Select one: the beam's lowest intensity, SATA, is measured the diameter of the PZT is large sound energy is converted into heat by the hydrophone total output power of the transducer is measured strength at specific locations within the sound beam can be measured

Which of the following is the best description for the structure identified by the violet arrow? hypoechoic and highly attenuating hypoechoic, with a high propagation speed anechoic, with a low propagation speed heterogeneous and highly attenuating anechoic and lowly attenuating

Which of the following terms best describes enhancement artifact? Select one: echophobic hyperechoic black anechoic white

All of the following terms are associated with transient cavitation EXCEPT: Select one: thermal index bubble bursting transient mechanical index inertial

All of the following terms are associated with normal cavitation EXCEPT: Select one: transient microstreaming mechanical index bubble bursting inertial

With a mirror image artifact, which of the following statements is true? Select one: the artifact (second-copy) is always superficial to the true reflector the mirror is always superficial to the artifact (second-copy) the artifact (second-copy) is always superficial to the mirror the true reflector is always deeper than the artifact (second-copy) the artifact (second copy) and the true reflector are at the same depth

Which of the following terms is different than the others? Select one: inertial cavitation stable cavitation transient cavitation normal cavitation

An ultrasound system measures the distance between two pins in a test object that are 100 mm apart. One pin is located at a depth of 10 mm and the other is located at a depth of 110 mm. The calipers on the ultrasound system report the pins as being separated by 110 mm. Another set of pins, 50 mm apart, is evaluated with the same system. How far apart would these pins be reported? Select one: 45 mm 100 mm 55 mm 50 mm 140 mm

Which of the following terms best describes enhancement artifact? Select one: foreground color echolatent black hypoechoic white

Which of the following is least likely to be a core value of medicine? Select one: respect kindness dignity infection control humanity

All of the following are features of a quality assurance program EXCEPT: Select one: scan converter cleaning repairs routine evaluation record keeping preventative maintenance

Which of these factors is most likely to create cavitation? Select one: low amplitude wide bandwidth peak rarefactional pressures short wavelength high frequency

Which of the following statements best describes a side lobe artifact? Select one: lateral resolution is degraded the true anatomic structure is always along the same scan line as the artifact the true anatomic structure is located at a shallower depth than the artifact a strong reflector often appears in between the true anatomy and the artifact the artifact and the true anatomic structure are equidistant from a strong reflector

Which of the following is affected by the ensemble length transmitted by an ultrasound probe? Select one: temporal resolution lateral resolution longitudinal resolution spatial resolution contrast resolution

During a Doppler exam, a sound beam reflects off of red blood cells. What process is used to extract the Doppler frequency from the high-frequency component of the reflected sound beam? Select one: rectification angle correction TFT demodulation anticorrelation

What is flow that is layered and in the same direction called? Select one: • pulsatile • phasic • turbulent • smooth • laminar

All of the following optimize the accuracy and reduce the likelihood of artifacts in a clinical Doppler examination EXCEPT: Select one: 0 degree angle between the sound beam and the flow direction shallower sample volume depth lower frequency transducers decreasing the PRF increasing the Nyquist limit

With regard to patient safety, which of the following is least important? wearing eye protection performing an ultrasound exam in a sterile manner wearing gloves washing hands both before and after the exam

An ultrasound phantom appears below. Pin set labeled "E" is comprised of 6 pins that are separated by 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 mm. The actual pins are seen in the upper right part of the picture. Beneath the pins is a representation of an ultrasound scan of these pins. Based on this ultrasound scan, what is the axial resolution of the system? Select one: • 5 mm • 2 mm • Cannot be determined by the information provided. • 4 mm • 3 mm

Which of the following terms best describes the nature of phantoms used in ultrasound quality assurance? Select one: logical standards qualitative standards deductive standards objective standards subjective standards

All of the following terms are associated with transient cavitation EXCEPT: Select one: bubble bursting mechanical index thermal index transient inertial

In relation to speed artifact, which of the following statements is true? Select one: the correct number of reflectors appear on the image too many reflections appear on the image multiple artifactual copies of real reflectors appear on the image reflections always appear at depths that are incorrect and are too superficial hyperechoic artifacts appear on the image

The profile of an ultrasound beam includes a measurable thickness. Variations in beam thickness can create an artifact. Which of these artifacts is NOT related to beam thickness? partial volume artifact section thickness artifact lateral resolution artifact slice thickness artifact

Three names for the artifact created by beam thickness are section thickness, slice thickness and partial volume artifact.

Quality assurance programs include the assessment of image accuracy by scanning a phantom. Which of the following is evaluated by a vibrating string phantom? Select one: continuous wave Doppler m-mode t-m mode b-mode a-mode