Is the clear awareness and understanding of something

A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

A statement or assertion that something is true. It is a declaration that someone makes, which often requires evidence or support to be proven

Series of statements that provide reasons to convince others that a claim or opinion is truthful

Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful

Arguments that are based on faulty reasoning.

(Attacking the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument. The fallacious attack can also be direct to membership in a group or institution.

argumentation using force or the threat of force to convince others to accept an argument's conclusion. Appealing to force is considered fallacious because it uses an irrelevant basis for making an argument, such as physical force, emotional manipulation, or scare tactics.

a fallacy when those who use it do not provide any justification to support their argument. Instead they cite someone famous who agrees with their viewpoint, but is not qualified to make reliable claims on the subject.

This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it

occurs when someone tries to convince another person by evoking their feelings rather than providing evidence.

The appeal to tradition fallacy occurs when someone claims that because an action or belief is traditional, it must be good or true.

Is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or opinionsp. while ignoring while ignoring or dismissing evidence that contradicts them

Are tendencies or inclinations that affect our decisions, perceptions, and actions, often without us being aware of them

Is a bias where people tend to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else’s behavior

Occurs when the way information is presented influences people’s decisions and judgments. The same information can lead to different reactions depending on how it is “framed” or worded.

Is the tendency to judge or interpret things based on the standards and norms of one’s own culture, often leading to a misunderstanding or unfair assessment of people from different cultural backgrounds.

an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way.

the appeal to common belief or appeal to the masses because it's all about getting people to do or think something because “everyone else is doing it” or “everything else thinks this.

falsely assumes that one event causes another.

sequence of reasoning that misses or skips over a key part, making the conclusion invalid (even if the premises are true). For example: My dog is named Max, and he likes to eat dog food. Therefore, everyone named Max likes to eat dog food.

is the assumption that if two things are alike in one regard, they must be alike in other ways.

an attempt to redirect a conversation away from its original topic.

is when someone sets up and then disputes an assertion that is not actually being made. For example, if someone says they love the color blue and someone else argues that red is better, asserting that the first person obviously hates the color red

occurs when someone falsely frames an issue as having only two options even though more possibilities exist.

is incorrect to presume that something which is good for an individual entity is necessarily good for the whole

an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts