111. What is the initial emergency treatment for a patient experiencing Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)? A. Administer oral beta-blockers B. Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) C. Immediate insertion of a pacemaker D. Administer a high dose of aspirin

112. During a VF event, defibrillation should ideally be performed within what time frame to prevent significant brain damage? A. 1-2 minutes B. 15-20 seconds C. 5-10 minutes D. 30-45 seconds

113. Which medication is commonly used in the management of Ventricular Fibrillation for stabilizing the cardiac rhythm? A. Amiodarone B. Lisinopril C. Metformin D. Acetaminophen

114. In assessing a patient with suspected cardiac dysrhythmias, which diagnostic tool is preferred? A. CT scan B. MRI C. 12-lead Electrocardiography

115. Which subjective symptom is often reported by patients experiencing cardiac dysrhythmias? A. Constipation B. Palpitations C. Blurred vision D. Weight gain

116. What nursing intervention is critical when caring for a patient with irregular cardiac rhythms? A. Assess apical pulse for accurate pulse rate for 5 minutes B. Assess apical pulse for accurate pulse rate for 1 minute C. Monitor blood glucose levels every 30 minutes D. Provide patient education on a low-sodium diet

117. VF can result from which of the following scenarios? A. Coronary artery disease leading to myocardial infarction B. Mild dehydration C. Stable angina D. Hypoglycemia

118. Which nursing action is appropriate when managing a patient with VF in a hospital setting? A. Maintain a quiet environment and administer sedation or analgesic medication as ordered B. Encourage physical activity to increase heart rate C. Provide fluids orally to prevent dehydration D. Schedule daily stress test to evaluate heart function

119. What is a primary condition that can lead to cardiac arrest? A. Atrial fibrillation B. Ventricular fibrillation C. Tachycardia D. Bradycardia

120. Which of the following is an immediate sign of cardiac arrest? A. Hypertension B. Abrupt loss of consciousness with no response to stimuli C. Slow, irregular breathing D. Fluttering chest sensations

121. What does the ‘C’ in the CAB approach to CPR stand for? A. Compression B. Circulation C. Cessation D. Care

122. Which of the following is included in the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)? A. Nutritional counseling B. ECG monitoring C. Psychological assessment D. Heat therapy

123. What is the purpose of an artificial cardiac pacemaker? A. To monitor heart rate variability B. To deliver electrical impulses to the myocardium to control heart rate C. To detect and correct atrial arrhythmias D. To regulate blood pressure

124. Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a patient with a newly inserted pacemaker? A. Encourage immediate full range of motion of the arm on the side of the insertion B. Monitor heart rate and rhythm, vital signs, and level of consciousness C. Promote aerobic exercises within the first day post-operation D. Apply heat to the insertion site to ease pain

125. What should a pacemaker patient be taught to do after discharge? A. Engage in contact sports as a form of rehabilitation B. Use a microwave without any restrictions C. Report signs of pacemaker failure D. Ignore minor infections at the insertion site

126. Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle adjustment for a pacemaker patient? A. Avoid MRI testing completely B. Inform healthcare providers about the pacemaker before undergoing MRI tests C. There are no restrictions regarding MRI testing D. Only perform MRIs at specialized cardiac centers

127. What is a potential outcome for patients with a pacemaker, assuming proper management and adherence to healthcare instructions? A. Limited physical activity for life B. Lead a reasonably normal life with full resumption of most activities C. Progressive decline in cardiac function D. Frequent hospitalizations due to pacemaker complications

128. Which of the following measures is important for a patient with a pacemaker to prevent complications? A. Increase intake of dietary sodium B. Maintain prescribed diet and fluid amounts C. Reduce fluid intake to prevent fluid overload D. Ignore symptoms like dizziness or heart palpitations

129. What is a primary characteristic of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? A. Inflammation of the heart’s outer muscle layer B. Diseased or damaged arteries that supply blood to the heart C. Enlargement of the heart chambers D. Thickening of the ventricular walls

130. Which of the following is the most common cause of obstructive CAD? A. Hypertension-induced vascular damage B. Atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries C. Autoimmune disorders D. Bacterial infection of the coronary arteries

131. What percentage of cardiovascular disease deaths in 2017 was attributed to CAD? A. 25.3% B. 42.6% C. 58.4% D. 33.7%

132. Which of the following is a contributing factor to atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries? A. High blood pressure B. Low cholesterol levels C. Excessive physical activity D. High calcium intake

133. What is the most common symptom of myocardial ischemia as a result of coronary atherosclerosis? A. Shortness of breath B. Chest pain or angina pectoris C. Rapid heartbeat D. Nausea

134. Which invasive procedure is used in the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis? A. Laparoscopic surgery B. Angioplasty ---

135. What is a major complication of untreated or severe coronary atherosclerosis? A. Osteoarthritis B. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) C. Alzheimer’s disease D. Renal failure

136. Which lifestyle modification is recommended to help prevent and manage CAD? A. Increased salt intake B. Regular physical exercise C. Smoking cessation D. Both B and C

137. How often does an American suffer a myocardial infarction due to CAD, according to the data provided? A. Every 30 seconds B. Every 40 seconds C. Every 50 seconds D. Every 60 seconds

138. Which prevention strategy is recommended for reducing the risk of developing CAD? A. Avoid all forms of exercise B. Consume a high-fat diet C. Regular check-ups and screenings D. Increase alcohol consumption

139. What is a primary cause of myocardial infarction (MI) as described in the overview? A) Hyperglycemia B) Hypertension C) Atherosclerotic plaque obstruction D) Valvular heart disease

140. During the pathophysiology of MI, what occurs at the 12-hour mark? A) Appearance of granulation tissue B) Necrosis of myocardial cells C) Collagen deposition D) Complete healing of the myocardium

141. Which symptom is not typically associated with myocardial infarction? A) Dyspnea B) Diaphoresis C) Severe abdominal pain D) Radiating pain to the left arm

142. Which assessment finding is crucial for diagnosing myocardial infarction? A) Elevated temperature B) Presence of diaphoresis and cool/clammy skin C) Increased bowel sounds D) Decreased urination

143. What immediate action should be taken if a patient’s anginal pain is not relieved after the third nitroglycerin tablet? A) Wait and observe symptoms for another hour B) Administer a fourth tablet of nitroglycerin C) Seek medical help immediately D) Start CPR

144. What is an important dietary recommendation for a patient with angina to minimize precipitating events? A) Increase intake of high-fat foods B) Avoid overeating C) Drink caffeinated beverages regularly D) Increase salt intake

145. Which medication should be taken daily as prescribed to manage symptoms of angina pectoris? A) Antibiotics B) Antipsychotics C) Beta blockers D) Antacids

146. Which statement by a patient indicates a need for further education on the use of nitroglycerin for angina pectoris? A) “I should take a nitroglycerin tablet under my tongue when I feel chest pain starting.” B) “If my chest pain doesn’t improve after taking three tablets, I should take a fourth one.” C) “I need to sit or lie down after taking nitroglycerin to avoid feeling dizzy.”

147. What is a primary goal of exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation post-myocardial infarction (MI)? A) To ensure lifelong medication adherence B) To strengthen muscles and improve stamina C) To prevent patients from undertaking any physical activity D) To eliminate the need for further cardiac assessments

148. Which component is crucial in a patient’s education during cardiac rehabilitation after an MI? A) Learning advanced cardiac life support B) Understanding their heart condition to reduce future risk C) Studying the statistical prevalence of heart diseases globally D) Avoiding all forms of physical exercise permanently

149. After myocardial infarction, a recommended home care exercise program includes: A) A walking program aiming to achieve 2 miles in less than 60 minutes by the end of 12 weeks B) Immediate high-intensity interval training C) Long-distance running without any prior conditioning D) Avoidance of all physical activities to prevent stress on the heart

150. Which statement is true regarding the prognosis after myocardial infarction? A) Prognosis is solely dependent on the patient’s age. B) Timely medical care does not influence the prognosis significantly. C) Delay in treatment can result in death before reaching the hospital. D) All patients have a uniform prognosis regardless of the extent of heart damage