This holds that the commission of behavior is influenced by individual's free will.

He argued that people weigh the benefits and consequences of their future actions before deciding on a course of behavior.

CHOICE THEORY:

It is an economic approach to understanding crime where based on self interest

It is a subsidiary of the rational choice Theory. The presence of capable guardians is so important.

Who developed routine activities theory?

This holds that youth engage in delinquent behavior because of physical or psychological traits. Deliquent actions are impulsive and instinctual rather than rational choices.

A theory holds that the essential components of biologucal approach that delinquent behavior is caused by internal to the individual.

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

believes that the primary determinants of behavior are constitutional and inherited. He proposed that the body physique was an accurate and reliable indicator of personality and consequently a predictor of behavior

A soft roundness of the body. The digestive system is large and highly developed, whereas other features of the body are weak, and underdeveloped. Small bones; short limbs; soft and smooth skin.

is relaxed and outgoing; includes a desire for comfort and gluttony for food and affection.

Bone and muscle predominate. The physique is hard, firm, upright, strong, and sturdy. Large blood vessels. Thick skin with large pores.

is active, assertive, motivated, and achievement oriented.

Fragile, thin, and delicate. "Poorly muscled extremities" with weak bones. These individuals have the greatest surface area and hence the greatest sensory exposure to the outside world.

is introverted, inhibited, restrained. These people shrink away from sociality as from too strong a light. They avoid attracting attention to themselves.

It isa theory of delinquency causation that integrates biologically determined traits and environmental stimuli. It discusses the assumed links physical and mental traits, the social environment, and behavior.

Edmund O. Wilson's book that argues that people are BIOSOCIAL ORGANIMSM

He argues that hormones and neurotransmitters may explain gender differences in violent behavior. He maintains that gender differences in exposure to androgens

1. This cause a reaction in the brain while 2._____ affect the nervous system.

It is related to abnormalities in cerebral structure. In is associated with severe antisocial behavior, including hyperactivity, poor attention span, temper tantrums and aggressiveness.

This has also been linked to episodes of explosive rage and has often been viewed as a significant predictor of both suicide and motiveless homicide

It is considered as a precursor of long term chronic offending. It is a condition of childhood and adolescence that involves chronic behavior problems, such as defiant, impulsive, or antisocial behavior, and substance abuse.

It is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.

The term includes such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

The term does not include children who have learning problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing.or motor handicaps, of mental retardation, or emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.

They are neurologically inclined to seek stimulation in a variety of ways and to tolerate more pain in satisfying their need for stimulation."

Peoples' brains function differently in response to environmental input. Too much stimulation causes anxiety and fear, while too little stimulation leads to boredom and depression.

They are much more likely to engage in a wide variety of risky activities - including violent behavior.

The genetic makeup of delinquents may be directly of Indirectly associated with delinquency.

proponents of Gene-crime association:

These traits allowed the bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on the human gene pool. It argues that, as human beings evolved, certain traits, emotions and characteristics became genetically ingrained.

From an evolutionary perspective, violence is thought to have developed as a male reproductive strategy because it can:

In our distant past, therefore, male aggression may have frequently led to

refers to the acts by a juvenile that are considered as a crime if committed by an adult as well.

refers to a system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of non adult offenders: for violations lations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in situations of conflict or neglect.

refers to a system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides

It is a manifestation of the Progressive Era. The transition to a separate judicial system was a gradual proces which culminated in a radically transformed juvenile justice process

1874 Massachusetts passed a legislation requiring separate court hearing Individual-level The for juveniles, known as?

pioneered the psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. His major premise is that unconscious instinctual factors of human behavior.

It is present at birth, it consist of blind, unreasoning, instinctual desires and motives. it seeks pleasure and avoid pain. If it is left unchecked, it may annihilate the individual.

It grows from Id and represents the problem solving dimension of the personality. It deals with reality and teaches children to delay gratification because acting on impulse leads to punishment.

It is developed through socialization from the ego and serves as the moral code, mores, and values the child has acquired. It is responsible for feelings of GUILT and SHAME and is more closely aligned with the CONSCIENCE.

Is the theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver and that such a bond will develop during the first six months of a child’s life if the caregiver is appropriately responsive.

Three parts of personality according to Sigmund Freud

Merton's Five Mode of Adaptation

it occurs when a person accepts both the goals and the means of a society.

it exists when a person accepts the goals but rejects the accepted means for achieving the goals.

it is a situation where a person rejects the goals but accept the means.

it is when a person rejects both the goals and the means.

it is when a person does not accept the goals and the means of society, and wishes to change the social structure.

Who introduced the Five modes of Adaptation?

the main proponent of subcultural theory.

It assumes that crime is the consequences of the union of young people into so – called subcultures in which deviant values and moral concepts dominate.

According to Cohen, Delinquent subcultures are:

He has formulated a general strain theory of crime.

is an aversive event involving unfair treatment by others, the inability to achieve desired outcome, or loss of something of value.

the deviant actions are not committed on the basis of economic rationality.

the purpose of delinquent acts is to annoy or even injure others.

criminal acts are committed precisely because of their prohibition in order to consciously reject conventional values.

in the sense of the various delinquent behaviors that occur.

the focus is on the momentary pleasure.

to external pressure of conformity and loyal towards their own group members, values and norms

They argue that to understand the different forms that delinquent and criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different types of illegitimate opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass and where these opportunities lead.

Cloward and Ohlin suggest that three types of responses leading to its own respective subculture are:

is a theoretical perspective that explains ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the nature of the social order across communities.

He argued that the absence of control is all that really is required to explain much delinquent behavior.

According to Travis Hirschi, a person’s bonds to mainstream society are based on four elements:

it is the person’s ability to be sensitive to the thoughts, feelings, and desires of others

it is the rational component in conformity. If a person is committed to society; that person is less likely to commit criminal behavior;

the more the people are involved in the community and conventional things, the less likely a person is to commit a crime.

when a person’s belief in the values of the society or a group is strong; the person will be less likely to commit criminal acts.

Differential Association Theory is proposed by?

This theor allows individuals to drift back and forth between delinquent and conventional behavior.

Sykes and Matza outlined five neutralization techniques norms:

it contends that society labels certain people as deviant, the selected people accepted the label, thus becoming deviant

This theory suggest that the social order is created by adults for adults. Children are forced to conform to this order, despite their possible reluctance, because they lack the power to create meaningful social change

A theory It combines the principles of strain, control and social learning theories into a single theoretical framework, which avoids the class bias.

Moffitt’s Theory of Delinquency:

based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within the society.

According to him criminalization is part of the political economy, political power struggle and bureaucratic organization. His remarks on power relations refer to the categories of “social class"

He states that every form of deviation represented a conscious resistance to social oppression; and criminality of the underclass as an act of survival.

theory include attention to the role of power relations and economic contradictions in generating delinquency and reactions to it.

the norms of the gangs or peer group are more important than society’s norms.

the offender contends that the police are corrupt, stupid, and brutal.

contends that individuals are by nature amoral and will commit deviant acts if they have the chance, but if societal controls are present, then the controls will restrain their unlawful behavior.

A theory that suggest delinquency are concerned less with values than with the way in which social meanings and definitions can help produce delinquent behavior

is anyone under the age of 18, unless otherwise specified on the laws of the specific country.

is any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action.

refers to a person under the age eighteen (18) years.

It is important to note that the exemption from criminal liability does not include an exemption from?

Children were viewed as non-persons until what century?

What are the first and second assumption:

The progress toward the separation of juvenile and criminal court proceedings begun in the final decades of what century?

Bad acts are the result of unloving parents, bad companions, etc.

gang fighting is seen by the delinquents as a private quarrel and no one else’s business.

It transforms the victim into the wrongdoer and the offender as the robin hood.

They proposed that much serious juvenile delinquency is a product of the oppression of children by adults, particularly within the context of family.

It is believed that impairments in brain functions may be present at birth produced by factors such as low birth weight, brain injury during pregnancy, birth complications and inherited abnormalities.