JUVENILE

99問 • 1年前

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This holds that the commission of behavior is influenced by individual's free will.

CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

He argued that people weigh the benefits and consequences of their future actions before deciding on a course of behavior.

CESARE BECCARIA

CHOICE THEORY:

CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY

It is an economic approach to understanding crime where based on self interest

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

It is a subsidiary of the rational choice Theory. The presence of capable guardians is so important.

ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY

Who developed routine activities theory?

LAWRENCE E. COHEN & MARCUS FELSON

This holds that youth engage in delinquent behavior because of physical or psychological traits. Deliquent actions are impulsive and instinctual rather than rational choices.

TRAIT THEORY

A theory holds that the essential components of biologucal approach that delinquent behavior is caused by internal to the individual.

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

CRIMINAL ATAVISM THEORY BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

believes that the primary determinants of behavior are constitutional and inherited. He proposed that the body physique was an accurate and reliable indicator of personality and consequently a predictor of behavior

BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

A soft roundness of the body. The digestive system is large and highly developed, whereas other features of the body are weak, and underdeveloped. Small bones; short limbs; soft and smooth skin.

ENDOMORPH(SOMATOTYPE)

is relaxed and outgoing; includes a desire for comfort and gluttony for food and affection.

VISCEROTONIC(TEMPERAMENT)

Bone and muscle predominate. The physique is hard, firm, upright, strong, and sturdy. Large blood vessels. Thick skin with large pores.

MESOMORPHIC(SOMATOTYPE)

is active, assertive, motivated, and achievement oriented.

SOMATOTONIC(TEMPERAMENT)

Fragile, thin, and delicate. "Poorly muscled extremities" with weak bones. These individuals have the greatest surface area and hence the greatest sensory exposure to the outside world.

ECTOMORPHIC(SOMATOTYPE)

is introverted, inhibited, restrained. These people shrink away from sociality as from too strong a light. They avoid attracting attention to themselves.

CEREBROTONIC(TEMPERAMENT)

It isa theory of delinquency causation that integrates biologically determined traits and environmental stimuli. It discusses the assumed links physical and mental traits, the social environment, and behavior.

BIOSOCIAL THEORY

Edmund O. Wilson's book that argues that people are BIOSOCIAL ORGANIMSM

SOCIOBIOLOGY

He argues that hormones and neurotransmitters may explain gender differences in violent behavior. He maintains that gender differences in exposure to androgens

JAMES Q. WILSO

1. This cause a reaction in the brain while 2._____ affect the nervous system.

CEREBRAL ALLERGIES NEURO-ALLERGIES

It is related to abnormalities in cerebral structure. In is associated with severe antisocial behavior, including hyperactivity, poor attention span, temper tantrums and aggressiveness.

MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION

This has also been linked to episodes of explosive rage and has often been viewed as a significant predictor of both suicide and motiveless homicide

MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION

It is considered as a precursor of long term chronic offending. It is a condition of childhood and adolescence that involves chronic behavior problems, such as defiant, impulsive, or antisocial behavior, and substance abuse.

CONDUCT DISORDER

It is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.

LEARNING DISABILITY

The term includes such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

LEARNING DISABILITY

The term does not include children who have learning problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing.or motor handicaps, of mental retardation, or emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.

LEARNING DISABILITY

They are neurologically inclined to seek stimulation in a variety of ways and to tolerate more pain in satisfying their need for stimulation."

AROUSAL THEORY

Peoples' brains function differently in response to environmental input. Too much stimulation causes anxiety and fear, while too little stimulation leads to boredom and depression.

AROUSAL THEORY

They are much more likely to engage in a wide variety of risky activities - including violent behavior.

sensation- seekers" or "thrill-seekers

The genetic makeup of delinquents may be directly of Indirectly associated with delinquency.

GENETIC INFLUENCES

proponents of Gene-crime association:

1. Antisocial behavior is inherited; 2. The genetic makeup of the parents is passed on to children; and 3. Genetic abnormality is directly linked to a variety of antisocial behaviors.

These traits allowed the bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on the human gene pool. It argues that, as human beings evolved, certain traits, emotions and characteristics became genetically ingrained.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

From an evolutionary perspective, violence is thought to have developed as a male reproductive strategy because it can:

1. Eliminate or deter genetic competition 2. Serve as a method for displaying physical strength and attracting females; and 3. Deter females from leaving and mating with other males.

In our distant past, therefore, male aggression may have frequently led to

REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

refers to the acts by a juvenile that are considered as a crime if committed by an adult as well.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

refers to a system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of non adult offenders: for violations lations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in situations of conflict or neglect.

JUVENILE JUSTICE

refers to a system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides

JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM

It is a manifestation of the Progressive Era. The transition to a separate judicial system was a gradual proces which culminated in a radically transformed juvenile justice process

JUVENILE COURT

1874 Massachusetts passed a legislation requiring separate court hearing Individual-level The for juveniles, known as?

CHILDREN'S TRIBUNAL

pioneered the psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. His major premise is that unconscious instinctual factors of human behavior.

SIGMUND FREUD

It is present at birth, it consist of blind, unreasoning, instinctual desires and motives. it seeks pleasure and avoid pain. If it is left unchecked, it may annihilate the individual.

It grows from Id and represents the problem solving dimension of the personality. It deals with reality and teaches children to delay gratification because acting on impulse leads to punishment.

EGO

It is developed through socialization from the ego and serves as the moral code, mores, and values the child has acquired. It is responsible for feelings of GUILT and SHAME and is more closely aligned with the CONSCIENCE.

SUPEREGO

Is the theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver and that such a bond will develop during the first six months of a child’s life if the caregiver is appropriately responsive.

ATTACHMENT THEORY

Three parts of personality according to Sigmund Freud

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Merton's Five Mode of Adaptation

CONFORMITY INNOVATION RITUALISM RETREATISM REBELLION

it occurs when a person accepts both the goals and the means of a society.

CONFORMITY

it exists when a person accepts the goals but rejects the accepted means for achieving the goals.

INNOVATION

it is a situation where a person rejects the goals but accept the means.

RITUALISM

it is when a person rejects both the goals and the means.

RETREATISM

it is when a person does not accept the goals and the means of society, and wishes to change the social structure.

REBELLION

Who introduced the Five modes of Adaptation?

Introduced by ROBERT MERTON, he believed that deviant behavior was caused by conditions in the social structure.

the main proponent of subcultural theory.

ALBERT K. COHEN

It assumes that crime is the consequences of the union of young people into so – called subcultures in which deviant values and moral concepts dominate.

SUBCULTURAL THEORY

According to Cohen, Delinquent subcultures are:

NOMANEVEHERE Non utilitarian Malicious Negativistic Versatile Hedonistic Resistant

He has formulated a general strain theory of crime.

ROBERT AGNEW

is an aversive event involving unfair treatment by others, the inability to achieve desired outcome, or loss of something of value.

STRAIN

the deviant actions are not committed on the basis of economic rationality.

NON UTILITARIAN

the purpose of delinquent acts is to annoy or even injure others.

MALICIOUS

criminal acts are committed precisely because of their prohibition in order to consciously reject conventional values.

NEGATIVISTIC

in the sense of the various delinquent behaviors that occur.

VERSATILE

the focus is on the momentary pleasure.

HEDONISTIC

to external pressure of conformity and loyal towards their own group members, values and norms

RESISTANT

They argue that to understand the different forms that delinquent and criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different types of illegitimate opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass and where these opportunities lead.

RICHARD CLOWARD & LOYD OHLIN

Cloward and Ohlin suggest that three types of responses leading to its own respective subculture are:

1. STABLE CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE - can emerge only when there is some coordination between those in legitimate and in illegitimate roles. The streets become safe for crime, and reliable upward – mobility routes can emerge for aspiring criminals. 2. CONFLICT SUBCULTURE- where violence and conflict disrupt both legitimate and illegitimate enterprise. A result of this disorganization is the prevalence of adolescent street gangs and their violent activities, making the streets unsafe for more profitable crime. 3.RETREATIST SUBCULTURE -these includes adolescents who fail in their efforts in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures. These “double failures” are destined for drug abuse and other forms of escape.

is a theoretical perspective that explains ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the nature of the social order across communities.

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY

He argued that the absence of control is all that really is required to explain much delinquent behavior.

TRAVIS HIRSCHI 1969

According to Travis Hirschi, a person’s bonds to mainstream society are based on four elements:

ATTACHMENT INVOLVEMENT COMMITMENT BELIEF

it is the person’s ability to be sensitive to the thoughts, feelings, and desires of others

ATTACHMENT

it is the rational component in conformity. If a person is committed to society; that person is less likely to commit criminal behavior;

COMMITMENT

the more the people are involved in the community and conventional things, the less likely a person is to commit a crime.

INVOLVEMENT

when a person’s belief in the values of the society or a group is strong; the person will be less likely to commit criminal acts.

BELIEF

Differential Association Theory is proposed by?

EDWIN SUTHERLAND

This theor allows individuals to drift back and forth between delinquent and conventional behavior.

NEUTRALIZATION THEORY

Sykes and Matza outlined five neutralization techniques norms:

1.Denial of responsibility – the delinquents contends that he/she is not responsible for his/her conduct. Bad acts are the result of unloving parents, bad companions, etc. 2. Denial of Injury – There was no injury or harm to the victim. Example; gang fighting is seen by the delinquents as a private quarrel and no one else’s business. 3. Denial of victims – The victim deserved to have something bad happen to him or her. It transforms the victim into the wrongdoer and the offender as the robin hood. 4. Appeal to higher loyalties – the offender contends that the police are corrupt, stupid, and brutal. 5. Condemnation of condemners – the norms of the gangs or peer group are more important than society’s

it contends that society labels certain people as deviant, the selected people accepted the label, thus becoming deviant

LABELING THEORY

This theory suggest that the social order is created by adults for adults. Children are forced to conform to this order, despite their possible reluctance, because they lack the power to create meaningful social change

DIFFERENTIAL OPPRESSION THEORY

A theory It combines the principles of strain, control and social learning theories into a single theoretical framework, which avoids the class bias.

INTEGRATED THEORY

Moffitt’s Theory of Delinquency:

1. LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDER -It starts early in life, when the difficult behavior of a high – risk young child is exacerbated by a high – risk environment. The child’s risk emerges from inherited or acquired neuropsychological variation, initially manifested in subtle cognitive deficits, difficult temperament, or hyperactivity. 2. ADOLESCENCE LIMITED OFFENDER-It emerges with puberty, when healthy youths experience dysphoria during the relatively role less years between their biological maturation and their access to mature privileges and responsibilities, a period called “the maturity gap”.

based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within the society.

CLASS CONFLICT THEORY

According to him criminalization is part of the political economy, political power struggle and bureaucratic organization. His remarks on power relations refer to the categories of “social class"

WILLIAM CHAMBLISS

He states that every form of deviation represented a conscious resistance to social oppression; and criminality of the underclass as an act of survival.

RICHARD QUINNEY

theory include attention to the role of power relations and economic contradictions in generating delinquency and reactions to it.

CONFLICT THEORIES

the norms of the gangs or peer group are more important than society’s norms.

CONDEMNATION OF CONDEMNERS

the offender contends that the police are corrupt, stupid, and brutal.

APPEAR TO HIGHER LOYALTIES

contends that individuals are by nature amoral and will commit deviant acts if they have the chance, but if societal controls are present, then the controls will restrain their unlawful behavior.

SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

A theory that suggest delinquency are concerned less with values than with the way in which social meanings and definitions can help produce delinquent behavior

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY

is anyone under the age of 18, unless otherwise specified on the laws of the specific country.

JUVENILE

is any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action.

JUVENILE DELINQUENT

refers to a person under the age eighteen (18) years.

CHILD

It is important to note that the exemption from criminal liability does not include an exemption from?

CIVIL LIABILITY (RA 10630, 25013, Section 3).

Children were viewed as non-persons until what century?

1700's

What are the first and second assumption:

1.LIFE WAS HARD, AND YOU HAVE TO BE HARD TO SURVIVE 2. THAT INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ARE HIGH

The progress toward the separation of juvenile and criminal court proceedings begun in the final decades of what century?

19th CENTURY

Bad acts are the result of unloving parents, bad companions, etc.

DENIAL OF RESPONSIBILITY

gang fighting is seen by the delinquents as a private quarrel and no one else’s business.

DENIAL OF INJURY

It transforms the victim into the wrongdoer and the offender as the robin hood.

DENIAL OF VICTIMS

They proposed that much serious juvenile delinquency is a product of the oppression of children by adults, particularly within the context of family.

JOHN D.JEWITT & ROBERT REGOLI

It is believed that impairments in brain functions may be present at birth produced by factors such as low birth weight, brain injury during pregnancy, birth complications and inherited abnormalities.

NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

CA-IC FINALS W/PICS

Jessa Trocio · 86問 · 2年前

CA-IC FINALS W/PICS