問題一覧
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specialized body fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste product away from those same cells
blood
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results in the formation and development of a mature and functioning cells in the blood
hematopoiesis
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organ and tissues areas where blood cell production occurs
fetal hematopoiesis spleen lymphatic tissues bone marrow
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what are the stages of hematopoiesis
mesoblastic stage hepatic stage myeloid stage
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primary site of hematopoies in mesoblastic stage
blood island of the yolk sac of the human embryo
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1st blood cell formed by the first month of embryonic life
erythroblast
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primary site of hematopoiesis in hepatic stage
fetal liver
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3rd month of gestation
granulocytes and megakarcytes
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still in production
erythrocytes
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4th month of gestation
lymphocytes
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5th month of gestation
monocytes
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when does fetal hemoglobin is produced?
4th month of gestation
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ptimary site of hematopoiesis in meyoloid stage
bone marrow
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at birth, the bone marrow becomes the only site for?
rbc production granulocytes monocytes platelets b lymphocytes
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hematopoiesis ocuurs in most bones but primarily in the flat bone of?
sternum ribs vertebrae skull pelvis
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in adult, the principe source of production of hematopoiesis is?
sternum flat bones
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give the two major function of blood cell
production prolification
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3 major compartments of cell types of marrow hematopoiesis
stem cell progenitor cell precursor cell
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known as the pluripotential or multipotencial cell
stem cells
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give rise to non-lymphocytes
multipotencial stem cells
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give rise to primitive b or t lymphocytes
secondary multipotencial cell
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known ass unipotential stem cells
progenitor (committed) cells
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blast forms
precursor cells
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referred to as colony forming units cells spleens
stem cells
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designed to form a particular type of cell
committed pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
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lymphoid stem cells
lymphocyte and natural killing cells
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colony forming blastocytes
colony forming e (erythrocytes)
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ccolony forming unit-E includes?
pro erythroblast early normoblast intermediate normoblast late normoblast reticulocyte matured rbc
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flexible biconcave disk
red blood cell
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disk diameter of 6-8 um and thickness of 2 um
red blood cell
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lifespan of red blood cell?
120 days
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blood cell that fight infection
white blood cell
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ref. ranges : 4.0-11.0x10^3
wbc
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2 categories of WBC
granulocytes agranulocytes
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2 main sources of microbial contamination
hand of the phlebotomist skin of the patients
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capillary blood sites
finger earlobe medial or lateral portion of the plantar surface of the foot
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order of draw
lavander plasma additive serum tubes
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indications in adult
extreme obesity severe burns thromobotic tendencies
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appropriate puncture site for infants less than 12 months
lateral/medial plantar heel surface
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appropriate puncture site for infants greater than 12 months, children, adults
palmar surface oof last digit of second, third, fourth finger
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arterial enriched blood
warmed puncture site
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whyy should we avoid milking the puncture site
can introduce interstitial fluid CSS hemolysis
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angle used in venipuncture
15-30%
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needles for adult
19-21 g
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needles for children
23g
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veins in antecubital fossa
medial cubital median cephalic basilic
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alternate veins
ventral forearm wrist back of hand ankle or foot
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order of draw for venipuncture ( color)
yellow blue red green lavander gray
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increased in solutes
hemoconcentration
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fragile membrane of RBC
hemolysis
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some sites to avoid indoing venipuncture
fistula and canula arteries veins at inner wrist inflammed sites stes with sacrs, burns, tattoos above iv damaged vein side with mastectomy
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specimen rejection
clotted severely hemolyzed improperly labeled specimen too old failure to meet volume criteria improperly collected leaking tube delay in transport wrong tube
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used for routine hematological work
EDTA
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EDTA stands for
ethylenediaminetetraacitic acid
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EDTA is used for
cell count blood smear platelet count
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chelating effect of calcium molecule in blood
EDTA
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more soluble than disodium salt , hence preffered
dipotassium salt
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equally effective, sample of blood can be used for chemical investigation
Di lithium salts
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available in liquid form with disadvantage of dilution, shinkage of rbc, decrease in 2-3% PVC in 4 hrs, gradual increase in mcv
tri potassium salts
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not recommended because of high pH
tri sodium EDTA
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coding vial
lavander cap
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recommended concentration
K2-EDTA- 1.5-2.0mg/ml
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binds CA in soluble complex
na citrate
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for coagulation studies
Na citrate
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acts by chelating calcium in blood
trisodium citrate
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citrate is usually blue vacutainer tube (blue top)
citrate vial
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gets rid of the calcium, but not as strongly as EDTA
citrate vial
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binds to ca to form insoluble ca oxalate distorts cell morphology
oxalate
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inactivates thrombin
heparin
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a preservative
flouride
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use for osmotic fragility test
heparin
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prevents glycolysis
flouride
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use for determination of blood sugar
sodium flouride
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flouride inhibition of glycolysis is neither adequate nor effective in preserving glucose concentration
sodium flouride
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naturally occuring anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells
heparin
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amount for blood storage and sample collection
5-10ml of blood 0.5-2.0 ml
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for routine hematology
EDTA
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for coagulation studies
sodium citrate
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for glucose determination
k-oxalates
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for collection of serum
no additive
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presesrve RBC for blood banking and HLA typing
ACD
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Inhibit thrombin activation
heparin
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when a reducing sugar is subjected to heat in the presesnce of an alkali, it gets converted into an enediol
benedict’s test