Micro 古い

Rhinoviruses, ECHO, Hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie viruses, Enteroviruses

Genome functions as mRNA, Fecal-oral transmission, Are linear single-stranded RNA viruses, Cause asymptomatic infections, Cause flaccid paralysis

Replicate in enterocytes, Can be isolated in cell cultures, Present capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, Are the smallest RNA viruses, Have variable antigenic structure

Rotavirus, Cytomegalic virus, Enterovirus 71, Adenovirus, Norovirus

Causes watery diarrhea, It is a double-stranded RNA virus, In adults causes asymptomatic infections, It's a naked virus, Wheel-shaped

Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica

It is a protozoa, It has pseudopodia as organs of locomotion, The cyst is the form of resistance, It is an amoeba, In the evolutionary cycle it has 2 stages: trophozoite and cyst

It is the histolytic form, It has a granular endoplasm, It emits numerous pseudopods, It is very mobile, It has a hyaline ectoplasm

Acantamoeba culbertsoni, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba gingivalis, Naegleria fowleri

It has an axostyle, It has 8 flagella, It has an adhesive disc, It has 2 nuclei, It has 2 parabasal bodies

It has 4 nuclei, It is oval, It has flagella, It has a double contour, It has 2 parabasal bodies

Primaquine, Chloroquine, Doxycycline, Quinine, Mefloquine

Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Trichinella spiralis

The adult parasite is located in the small intestine of the dog, It is the etiological agent of hydatidosis, It belongs to the Plathelmintes phylum, It is a flat, segmented worm, The strobila consists of 3 proglottids

Protoscolexes, Proliger membrane, Hydatid fluid, Anhiste membrane, Proligen vesicles

Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis

It is a geohelminth, It is a cylindrical worm, It belongs to the Nemathelmintes phylum, It is located in the small intestine of humans, In the evolutionary cycle it has 2 stages: adult and egg

It is a cylindrical worm, It belongs to the Nemathelmintes phylum, In the evolutionary cycle it has 2 stages: adult and egg, It belongs to the Nematoda Class, It is the etiological agent of oxyurosis

The egg is oval, asymmetrical, It is more common in children, The most effective method to detect eggs is the anal impression, The main symptom is anal itching, Eggs can adhere to various objects (toys)

It is a cylindrical worm, It is the etiological agent of trichocephalosis, The adult parasites live in the colon, The adult parasites are whip shaped, The egg is shaped like a lemon

It belongs to the Nemathelmintes phylum, Adult parasites are located in the intestine, In the evolutionary cycle it has 2 stages: adult and larvae, It is a nematode, It is a cylindrical worm

Eosinophils have values >80%, A muscle biopsy (deltoid muscle) may be performed to visualize the larvae, Myocarditis may occur, Eyelid edema may occur, Muscle enzymes are elevated

It is an unsegmented worm, It is a hermaphrodite trematode, It is a flatworm, The adult parasite is leaf-shaped, The adult parasite lives in the bile ducts

Echinococcus granulosus, Trichuris trichiura, Fasciola hepatica, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata

Histoplasma capsulatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida tropicalis, Pneumocystis jiroveci

Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger

Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida krusei, Malassezia furfur, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata

Nucleotide sequence analysis, Chromosomal DNA analysis, Ribotyping (16s RNA analysis), Guanine to cytosine ratio, DNA hybridization

cell wall, chromosome, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid

encodes phenotypic characters, it is called nucleoid, can mutate, can be amplified by RT-PCR, has a double-stranded structure

may encode virulence factors, may encode antibiotic resistance, are located extrachromosomally, most are circular, represent about 5% of the chromosome mass

Are nutrient stores, May be composed of polymetaphosphate or glycogen, May be composed of lipids, May be composed of polymetaphosphate or starch, Volutin inclusions are present in Bacillus

Its basic component is peptidoglycan, Bacterial wall in Gram positive stains purple, In Gram-positive bacteria the wall is thicker, Gram-negative bacterial wall stains red, In Gram negative bacteria the wall is thinner

Glycan chains are linked by peptide bridges, Tetrapeptide chains consist of alternating L- or D-form amino acids, In Gram-positive bacteria peptidoglycan is tridemensional, In Gram-negative bacteria the peptidoglycan is bidemensional, Glycan chains are formed by alternating two aminosaccharides: N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid;

Determines the shape of bacteria, It confers resistance to the bacterial wall, Has antigenic properties, May be a target for some antibiotics, Participates in cell division

Protein A in S. aureus, as a surface protein with an anti-phagocytic role, Teichoic acids, Antiphagocytic proteins, Lipoteichoic acids, Adesines

Bind Mg ions and some enzymes, Are specific antigens, Are not involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Present receptors for bacteriophages, Are structures involved in attachment

Presents outer membrane, Ag O has group specificity, LPS, stands for lipopolysaccharide, Lipid A is the endotoxin, Two phospholipid layers make up the outer membrane

An order comprises several families, A family comprises several genera, The suffix term for the family name is - aceae, A genus comprises several species, Taxonomy is the systematic classification of bacteria into ordered groups

In total, a medium-sized bacterium has about 20,000 ribosomes., They are arranged as polysomes, along mRNA molecules, Have fast kinetics, i.e. about 500/min., The 30S subunit contains 16S RNA and 21 proteins, The 50S subunit contains 23S RNA, 5S RNA and 34 proteins

Bacillus anthracis, Baccilus geostearothermophilus, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium tetani

Are made up of flagellin, Are useful in bacterial taxonomy, They are antigens with group specificity (AgG), They are long, thin filamentous structures, Consist of a flexuous flagellar filament articulated by a cross at the basal corpuscle/complex

Ribosomes, Nucleotides, The bacterial wall, Cytoplasmic membrane, Murine

They are composed of pilin, They are present in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, Common pili play a role in bacterial attachment, They can function as specific antigens, Can be common pili and sexual pili

They don't divide, They are strictly intracellular infectious particles, They are replicated by a competent host cell, They don't grow, They are dependent on a living host cell (eg.: bacteria, plants, animals, birds, humans)

Fungi can be filamentous, Fungi can be yeast-like, They are eukaryotic, uni- or multicellular cells, Fungi can be dimorphic, They are microscopic bioentities

Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation, Episom, Genetic transfer to bacteria can be mediated by bacteriophages

The bladder, The 4th cerebral ventricle, The myocardium, The middle ear, The kidney

The skin, The gut, The vagina, The nasopharynx, The oropharynx

Fimbriae, Teichoic acids, Capsule, Fibronectin, Surface glycoproteins

In the normal flora of the distal urethra there are staphylococci, The distal ureter is normally sterile, The distal urethra is normally colonized, The proximal urethra is normally sterile, The bladder is normally sterile

Presence of commensal gram-positive bacteria, Presence of stratum corneum, Acid pH, Presence of lysozyme, High concentrations of salts

Administration of preformed antibodies, Active artificial immunization, Seroprophylaxis, Administration of toxoid, Vaccination

They are immunogenic under the age of 2 years old, too, Provides long-lasting immunity, They contain capsular polysaccharides, They contain anatoxin, They contain a transporter protein

Febrile patient, Allergic person, Infant under the protection of maternal antibodies, Immunosuppressed patient, The pregnant woman

Killed microorganisms, mRNA, Capsular polysaccharides, Anatoxin, Attenuated microorganisms

It induces long-lasting immunity only after multiple repeated inoculations, It induces active immunity, Contains alive microbes with stable reduced virulence, Efficiently stimulates the cellular immunity, It produces an inapparent infection in the normoreactive host

Provides lasting protection, It induces active immunity, Contains killed microorganisms, It can be administered to an immunocompromised person, It can be administered to pregnant women

Reverse transcriptase, Viral protease, Decapsidation of the virus, RNA/DNA polymerase, Virus attachment to cell receptors

HIV, Herpes simplex virus 1, Influenza B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Influenza A virus

Quinine, Mefloquine, Chloroquine, Metronidazole, Tinidazole

Antiretrovirals, Oseltamivir, Molnupiravir, Ganciclovir, Acyclovir

Fluconazole, Caspofungin, Voriconazole, Liposomal amphotericin B, Nystatin

p17 ‐ matrix protein, gp41 ‐ inner part of the envelope, Two identical RNA copies and reverse transcriptase, p24 ‐ capsid protein, gp120 ‐ on the surface of the envelope