to reduce costs, to increase productivity, to increase quality, to reduce dependence on skilled labour, because new technology is interesting

Technical System as Control, Technical System as Tool

performance & productivity, usability, manpower levels and organizational size, job enrichment vs. deskilling

Environment, Culture, Structure, Business Processes, Politics, Management Decisions

A planned effort, Organization wide effort, Managed from the top and bottom up, To increase organization effectiveness and health, Use behavioural science & knowledge

training & development, performance appraisal, survey feedback, force field analysis, team building

Globalization, Information Technology, Managerial Innovation

Leadership, Openness of Communication, Participative Management, Role Clarity, Conflict Resolution, Leader Support, Leader Control

Assumptions, Behavioral Norms, Values, Behavioral Patterns, Artifacts

Planned, Effectiveness, Health, Intervention, Processes

Unfreezing, Introducing Change/Moving to the new level, Refreezing

Problem Identification, Consult with an Expert, Data gathering and pre liminary diagnosis, Feedback, Joint Diagnosis of the Problem, Joint Action Planning, Action, Data gathering after Action

As a teacher, As change agents, As helper and catalyst, As third party agents

Intrapersonal Skills, Interpersonal Skills, General Consultation Skills, Organization Development Theory

Structural Analysis, Process Analysis, Function Analysis, Domain Analysis

Team Building, Coaching, Large Group Interventions, Mentoring, Performance Appraisal, Downsizing, TQM And, Leadership Development

Exploitative authoritative, Benevolent authoritative, Consultative, Participative group

Higher Job Satisfaction, Reduced Absences, Lower Turnover, Better quality of work, Improved Teamwork, Better resolution of conflict, Creation of learning individuals and groups

Absent less often, Make positive contribution, Stay in the organization

Absent more often, May experience stress that disrupts co-workers, Continually look for another job

Separation Costs, Training Costs, Vacancy Costs, Replacement Costs, Morale Effects

Serves as the basis of competition, Improving quality tends to increase productivity, Enhancing quality lower costs

Enhances Performance •increased productivity •improved quality •improved customer service Employee Benefits •quality of work life •lower stress Reduced Costs •lower turnover, absenteeism •fewer injuries Organizational Enhancements •increased innovation, flexibility

Supportive Environment, Skills and Clarity, Superordinate Goals, Team Rewards

Changing Composition, Social Loafing

Altering the physical location of groups Training Program Devil's Advocate - persons who challenge the ideas of others

Structure, Information Systems, Human Resource Practices, Culture, Leadership

Discovery, Invention, Production, Generalization

Single Loop Learning, Double-Loop Learning, Deuterolearning

Maximizing diagnostic data, Maximizing effectiveness, Maximizing efficiency, Maximizing speed, Maximizing relevance, Maximizing psychological and organizational strain

Feedback, Awareness of changing socio-cultural norms or dysfunctional current norms, Increased interaction and communication, Confrontation, Education and Participation, Increased accountability, Increases energy and optimism

Substantial expense, Possible failure, Possible invasion of privacy, Possible psychological harm, Potential conformity, Difficult in evaluation, Cultural incompatibility

Relevance, Recency, Notice, Fiduciary duty, Confidentiality, Due Process, Protection of psyche

Electronic sensor devices, Electronic monitoring

Information, Solution, Knowledge, Problem

Functional Disciplines, Technology Domains, Specialty Concerns

High Complexity, Multidisciplinary, Cost, Time

Test, Development, Inspection, Analysis