Seek to produce universal law and theories

Wilhelm dilthey

Natural sciences vs human (spirit) sciences

Natural sciences (----)

Human (spirit) sciences

Seek to produce natural laws that can generate natural phenomena

Can be explained objectively

Seek to explain phenomena in terms of cause and effect

Seek to produce understanding and interpretation that are context-specific

Can be understand subjectively

Karl popper

Falsification

What are the main criterion of science

We can find evidence that can test or invalidate a proposition, in which we can say that proposition may be false, given the evidence or proofs, the theory might be false

The criterion status of a theory is its ______, _______, or _____

Thomas kuhn

Paradigm

Propose that status of science is only acquired when there is a ___

Is a set of beliefs, values, and instruments and techniques scientist share to understand and explains scientific problems

They govern theory and practice of science

They supply puzzles for scientist to solve and to provide the tools for their solutions

Scientific research programmes

Imre lakatos

Proposed that scientific theories are part of broader structures

Is about not abandoning the previous theory that was falsified or does not fit with existing paradigm in order to utilize the new theory but instead it's about providing an alternative in order to better explain phenomena which the previous theory failed to explain

Human science as seek to understand (not explain mechanically) human phenomena

For a claim to be scientific, there must be a way to test if it is false

Statements are scientific when they adhere to the paradigm

An inadequate theory is not totally abandoned, but is strengthened by more adequate one (both research belong to one research programme)

Is the nature of being(nature reality)

It concerns the questions of how the world is built

There is a real word that is independent from our knowledge and upon this foundations life is built

There is no real world but the world is socially constructed hence dependent from a particular time or culture

Is the theory of knowledge or how do you acquire knowledge

Is a philosophical approach that emphasizes empirical evidence scientific methods. It is grounded in the belief knowledge should be derived from observable phenomena and that understanding can be achieved through objective analysis

Ultimate aim is to find general laws and causal statements about social phenomena

Can find stable law like reality out there we only have to discover them

Would use quantitative methods as research tools, as these are objective and the result generalized and replicable

They look for explanation of behavior, not the meaning

Emphasizes the subjective nature of human experience and the importance of context. This paradigms posist that knowledge is constructed through social interaction and cultural understanding rather than being discovered through empirical observation alone

Is not to find general laws and causal statements

Usually employ qualitative methods

They look to understand social behavior interpret its meaning or rather than explain it all formal outsider perspective or viewpoint