-Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. - In the direction against concentration gradient

do much of the work in active transport. They are positioned to cross the membrane so one part is on the inside of the cell and one part is on the outside. Only when they cross the bilayer are they able to move molecules and ions in and out of the cell. The membrane proteins are very specific

One of the most important pumps in animal cells is the , which moves Na+ out of cells, and K+ into them.

is the simplest sugar being used by the brain cells for its function.

is used to balance the water level in the body, so much salts would make a person very fat.

has retained water in the cells.

are protein base, necessary for growth and repair of tissues.

is needed for effective muscle function especially the heart

When molecules are too large to move through a channel protein or by using a carrier protein, vesicles are used to move

describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell. Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin.

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

or Endocytosis drinking, when the membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell.

or Endocytosis eating, when the materials enter the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming phagocytic vesicle. cellular occurs dissolved

is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane. The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane. At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and moves the substance into the cytoso

forms when the membrane bulges out and pinches off. It travels to its destination then merges with another membrane to release its cargo. In this way proteins and other large molecules are transported without ever having to cross a mem

give the body energy

They are the best source of fuel for the body. also help to digest protein and fat.

are quick energy sources. They come from sugar. They do not usually supply any other nutrients or fiber. Found in foods such as fruits, milk and milk products.

or blood sugar is the basic source of energy for all living things.

is sugar found in fruit, honey and vegetables.

is found in dairy products, avocados, sugar beets, other gums.

GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE) or table sugar is made from sugar beets or sugar cane.

GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE) is grain starch broken down into sugar.

GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE) is milk sugar.

supply longer lasting energy, as well as other nutrients and fiber that the body needs. They are a better choice.

are the most abundant carbohydrate found in food. for long-term storage of excess sugars

chemically diverse group of organic compounds which are insoluble in water

are hydrophobic in nature due to the predominance of hydrocarbon chains.(-CH2- CH2-CH2-) in their structures.

They are the chief storage form of energy, they provide 6-fold as much energy as an equivalent mass of glycogen

principle stored forms of energy in many organism

the simplest form of lipids.

long term energy storage and insulation for animals Can be saturated or unsaturated

3 fatty acids chains linked to glycerol

All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds

long, straight chain most animal fats and butter

solid at room temperature contributes to cardiovascular disease

At least one C=C double bond in the fatty acids

plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature