These are digital devices that replace traditional paper charts and documents, providing pilots with up-to-date navigation information, charts, weather data, and more.

This is used for communication between crew members on the same aircraft. It is used to coordinate flight activities, share information, and to communicate with passengers in an emergency.

A type of radio communication that uses radio waves in the frequency range of 30 to 300 MHz.

provides the distance from the aircraft to a ground station equipped with DME. It's often used in conjunction with VOR for accurate navigation.

consists of a precise oscillating circuit or oscillator that creates an AC carrier wave frequency. This is combined with amplification circuits or amplifiers.

defines the level of accuracy and performance required for a specific flight operation. It's often used for precision approaches and navigation in congested airspace.

It is when the pilot communicates with the achine in the form of a command and that message gets transmitted to other machines.

allows pilots to fly specific paths based on latitude and longitude coordinates rather than being limited to following ground-based navigation aids.

involes the use of gestures, facial expressions, body language, eye contact, posture, and other physical cues to convey messages.

This is the basic method of navigation where pilots use visual references on the ground, such as landmarks, roads, rivers, and coastlines, to navigate. While this method is still used, it's often supplemented by more advanced techniques for accuracy.

encompasses various forms of communication conducted using electronic devices and technology.

can be used to provide aircraft communication over long distances, even in areas where radio signals cannot reach.

A type of radio communication that uses radio waves in the frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz.

is a computerized system that integrates various navigation data, including-GPS, radio navigation aids, and aircraft performance parameters. It helps pilots plan and manage their flight routes more efficiently.

stations transmit signals that allow pilots to determine their radial position relative to the station. By referencing two VOR stations, pilots can triangulate their position.

a communication radio that transmits and receives The same frequency is used for both. When transmitting, the receiver does not function. The push-to-talk (PTT) switch blocks the receiving circuitry and allows the transmitter circuitry to be active.

is the most common technology used for aircraft communication.

is the most common communication medium used in an aircraft or in the aviation industry. It is used by the cabin crew, aircraft technicians, pilots, and flight attendants who use this medium to take care of and communicate with the passengers.

involves conveying messages through written words.

is a range of frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum. It is divided into many different bands, each with its own characteristics and uses.

is the exchange of information between aircraft and ground stations, or between aircraft themselves. It is an essential part of safe and efficient air traffic operations.

is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate position, velocity, and time information.

are conductors that are used to transmit and receive radio frequency waves.

is a newer technology that uses digital signals to transmit data between aircraft and ground stations.

Antennas are simply conductors of lengths proportional to the wavelength of the oscillated frequency put out by the transmitter. An antenna captures the desired carrier wave as well as many other radio waves that are present in the atmosphere.

These systems use accelerometers and gyroscopes to continuously calculate an aircraft's position, velocity, and attitude relative to an initial reference point. INS is highly accurate but can drift over time without external updates.

uses visual elements such as images, graphics, charts, diagrams, maps, videos, and animations to convey information.

This is the most common type of aircraft communication. It is used to communicate between aircraft and air traffic control (ATC).

This method involves estimating an aircraft's current position based on its previously known position, course, groundspeed, and elapsed time.

This is used for communication between cabin crew members and passengers. It is used to provide announcements, answer questions, and to respond to emergencies.

transmit non-directional signals that can be used to determine an aircraft's direction from the station. They are less accurate than VORs and can be affected by atmospheric conditions.

electromagnetic in nature and part of the electronic spectrum. The atmosphere is filled with these waves.