when lying face upward

when lying face downward

above

toward the head

below

toward the tail

in front

belly

behind

back

close to

far from

toward the midline

away from the midline

close to the surface of the body

toward the interior of the body

divides body into left & right portions

sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left & right halves

divides body into superior & inferior portions

divides body into anterior & posterior portions

cut through the length of the organ

cut at a right angle to the length of the organ

diagonal cut made across the length of the organ

lines the pericardial cavity

covers the heart

lines the pleural cavities

covers the lungs

lines the peritoneal cavity

covers the organs contained in the peritoneal cavity

double-folded visceral peritoneum connecting these organs

study of the body’s structures •Example – shape of long bones

study of the body’s function •Example – function as levers

examination of cells

examination of tissues (cells & material surrounding them)

examination of structures without the aid of a microscope

group of structures with common functions (e.g. cardiovascular)

structures organized by area

examination of the exterior body that help visualize the interior of the body

interrelationships among the parts of the organism and how those parts function

ability to use energy (via chemical reactions) to perform vital functions

ability to sense changes in internal and external environments and adjust to those changes

increase in size or number of cells producing overall enlargement of the organism

changes the organism undergoes through time (fertilization → death)

formation of new cells or a new oganism

when any deviation to a specific condition occurs, the response to the stimulus is to resist and return to normal range

when any deviation to a specific condition occurs, the response to the stimulus is to increase the deviation even more

monitors a condition (Example – body temperature) by detecting stimuli •Example – temperature receptors in the skin

receives information from the receptor about the change and sends a command to the effector •Example – the brain

returns the condition back to normal (within the narrow range) •Example – sweat glands