lens This lens is always thicker at the center and thinner at the sides.

This lens is always thinner at the center and thicker at the sides.

(2 edges of leng bat problem) blurd the edges of image When light passing through near the central part of a converging lens are bended more sharply than those rays falling in the edge, thus the rays coming from the edges are focused on a plane nearer the lens than those coming from the central part

(one side of the lens has a problem This is another form of spherical aberration but is concerned with the light rays entering the lens obliquely. The defect is not noticeable only on the outer edges and not on the central part of the lens. If a lens has coma, circular objects reproduced at the comers of the negative are comet-like form.

A ____ is a transparent medium which either converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form an image. Generally, there are two types of lenses:

This is a kind of defect where the image formed by a lens comes to a sharper focus in a curved surface than a flat surface. (The correction of this defect is similar to spherical aberration and coma.)

A lens with distortion is incapable of rendering straight lines correctly, either horizontal or vertical lines of an object. This is caused by the placement of the diaphragm. If the diaphragm is placed in front of the lens, straight lines near the edges of the object tend to bulge outside. This is known as the barrel distortion if the diaphragm is placed behind or the lens, straight lines near the edges tend to bend inward. This is known as pincushion distortion Distortion is remedied by placing the diaphragm in between the lens component and the two opposite distortions will neutralize.

This defect is the inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of different wavelengths to the same focus. Ultraviolet rays bent the most while infrared rays are bent the least when they pass through the lens. Visible light come to a focus at varying distances.

With this defect, a single point from a subject falling near the margin of the negative will be imaged not as a point but as two perpendicular short lines, one of which is always be out of focus while the other is sharp, This defect is lessened by combining lenses of special kind of glass having the correct combinations of spherical surfaces

(whole lens have the problem) This defect is present when the size of image produced by photographic rays of one wavelength is different from the size produced by another. Size of the image increases as the wavelength of the rays decreases. In color photography it produces a rainbow colored fringes around the edges of objects while in black and white photography it appears as a slight blue

is corrected for chromatic aberration.

is corrected for distortion

corrected for astigmatism as well as the other lens defects

is also corrected for astigmatism but with higher degree of correction to colar.

A fundamental characteristic of a lens is its focal length. This will determine the size of an image of an object at a given distance, and the area of coverage of the lens. is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film plane when the lens is set or focused al infinity position or far distance.

is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film plane.

a lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negative material. This lens will have a wide area of coverage but produces a small image size. This is usually used in taking pictures indoor or inside a small room. It is also used outdoor to get a panoramic view of a scene.

is a lens with a focal length approximately equal or more but not more than bwice the diagonal of its negative material. It is referred to as ? because its coverage corresponds to nearly the coverage of the human eye.

is a lens with a focal length of more than twice the diagonal of its negative material. This lens produces a bigger image of objects at far distance but its area of (coverage is smaller.

is a lens with variable focal length

In between the lens component of a camera is a metal diaphragm which can be expanded or constricted by moving a tuming ring on the lens mount or barrel. The size of the opening is Indicated by markings of f-numbers. Each f-number represents the ratio of the focal length of the lens and the diameter of the opening.

is defined as the distance between the nearest and the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or focused on a given distarice.

Naliste ang lons dahil sa subrang light nakita ng camera Another factor that affects depth of field is the size of the circle of confusion which is considered acceptable. Circle of confusion refers to a small circle which is seen by the eye, not as a circle but a dot or point.

. This is the nearest distance at which a lens is focused with a giverı particular diaphragm opening which will give the maximum depth of field

This method of focusing is standard in single lens reflex camera. Since the viewing and focusing is made from light rays passing through the lens, it is not affected by the problem of parallax

w FUUS This method of focusing is usually used on compact cameras with a fixed lens. With this type, when you look into the viewfinder, you'll notice a rectangle- in other cameras, its circle-on the upper left portion of the viewfinder. For emphasis, manufacturer of the camera usually add color to it, generally a tint a yellow or green.

This method of focusing is accomplished by direct observation of the image of the subject on a ? with finely grounded surface known as groundglass. This ? is found at the back of a camera or in the case of the modern cameras, also couple with the viewfinder. The point of focus is where the image is sharpest. If the image appears to be blurred, fuzzy or not sharp, it is out of focus

is defined as the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. Focusing is the main factor that will determine the sharpness of the images on a photograph. Of course, there are other factors to be considered like movement or motion of the subject (when photograph is actually being taken.)

is the change of appearance and orientation of objectswhen seen from two viewpoints. It is also used to refer to the distance between the viewpoints themselves

A is a device that opens to uncover the film to make an exposure for an accurately timed interval then closes automatically. Most shutters are spring-powered and are controlled by mechanical linkages. However, an ever increasing number of modern cameras, now uses a shutter with electrical circuits to energize electromagnets for the control of the speeds.

This shutter is located directly in front of the film or on the focal plane. It is usually made of cloth or metal curtain

is the action of recording radiant energy that produces a change on a material of substance sensitive to such energy. In conventional photography materials, the action of the exposing energy reduces or breaks down the silver halide sufficiently to produce latent (invisible) record of the pattern of light intensity or in the case of printing material, a visible record.

Brief of light produced by burning metal wires (flash bulb) or an electric discharge through a gas-filled tube (electronic flash) is the most common supplemental light for still photography

. This is the taking of photographs using only the light that happens to be at the scene. This could be from natural light sources, from windows, doors, skylight, and twilight or a fter dark, or from artificial light sources like table lamps, ceiling fixtures light, spotlights, neon lights, candles, fireplace or bonfire, etc.

Both electrical flash unit and flash bulb provides light in a relatively high illumination level in a short period of time. Because it is important for the camera shutter to be open for this brief period of time. The flash and the shutter are usually synchronized. Synchronization is the eliming of the camera shutter and the flash so that when the shutter is fully opened, that's the time that the flash will yield its highest peaks of illumination.

Flash exposure maybe computed by the use of the "guide number" of a flash unit. A guide number is usually dependent on the film speed and the light output. Electronic flash units guide number is base

is used to reduce or minimize reflections on subjects like water glass, and highly polished surfaces

The used paper with its surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds

made a public demonstration in Paris "Daguerreotype" in collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce

Victor introduce a process of negatives on glass using albumen (egg white) as binding medium.

- published a "wet plate process when collodion-a viscous liquid that dries to a tough flexible and transparent film-replaced albumen.

1861-researched on colors

1914-US. made a color subtractive process called Kodachrome.

coined the word "photography". He was a scientist and astronomer who invented the "Cyanotype, and it started used to make structural plan, and maling maps this application called the blueprints. Also he give idea to Talbot on how to create a negative and possitive image.

1947- introduced Polaroid the one-step-photography.

1960- was invented making possible Holograms (three dimensional pictures).

1982-who initiated anthropometric measurements for personal identification was also involved in various means of documentation by photography which developed into a fine science for criminalistics when he photographed crime scenes and formulated a technique of contact photography to demonstrate erasures on documents

-Light Amplification and Stimulation in the Emission of Radiation

used in forensic work come in variety of shape, sizes, and power. Some units are portable battery operated and easily carried and can meet the (rugged and rigorous demand for field work.)

although generally not necessary but is required for BACK LIMIT SUBJECTS or in a really low light level.

is a small or tiny hole which produces an image entirely free from distortion but Its Image is so dim that it is Impractically long even if the fastest film is used. It is also not practical to enlarge the hole for more light because the larger the hole, the more blurred Is the image.

Image formed by this method is simply the shadow of an object. The chief of application of this method is in X-ray photography and in making photogram

This is the best method of image formation because it is capable of forming a sharp image even with a large opening so it is suited for a camera.

- a lighting condition where objects in open space cast a deep and uniform or distinct shadow.

- objects in open space cast a transparent shadow. can be caused by pollutants in the atmosphere and they often block out sunlight, making what should be a sunny day seem like a winter evening. ?/sunshine is caused by various formations of cloud blocking the golden rays of sunshine.

- objects in open space cast no shadow.

- objects in open space cast no shadow but objects at far distance are clearly visible

b. - objects in open space cast no shadow and visibility of distant objects are already limited.

fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamps

1864- first advocates the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and the crime scenes

1948 Invented by Edwin Land this camera has unique features because it is a self developing camera that one's capture it already produce a negative and possitive print in a minute of time. na image

Light Amplification and Stranulation in the Emision of Radiction Was invented making passible holograms (3) pictures), sinag A ? is a device that produces a narrow and entenge beam of light, through the process of stimulated emission. It verd in crime scene investigation to easily identified fingerprint.

that consist of role paper or film that most covenient to those consumer than glass plate.

combination of all colors of the visible spectrum of lights

The spectrum is the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view. More simply, this range of wavelengths is called ?. Typically, the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers.

- either to short or too long in wavelength

-metal plate coated with an aspalt preparation to produce photo