Consumption of solid or liquid food through the mouth

the movement of food form one end of the digestive tract to the other. mixing is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract

the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules. the addition of liquid, enzymes and mucus to the ingested food

Movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic system.

Removal of the undigested material such as fiber from food, and other waste products from the body as feces

Serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity

area artificially enlarged for illustrative purposes

the serosa on each side of the tube fuses together to form a suspensory structure

General term referring to serous membranes attached to the abdominal organs.

Associated with small intestine

connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall

the lips and cheeks are important in the process of mastification. the tounge is a large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity.

the teeth of an adult is called

the childhood teeth is called

how many teeth in adult

how many teeth in childhood

the bulk of the tooth is formed by living cellular calcified tissue called

what covers the dentin in the crown region

the ____ which contains pulp which consist of blood vessels

teach is held in place within pockets in the bone

the alveoli are covered by

it forms the roof of the oral cavity that separates the oral from nasal cavity

anterior part that contains the bone

posterior parts and contains skeletal muscle and connective tissue. Uvula is the posterior extension of the soft plate.

produce saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation.

serous gland located just anterior to each ear. Parotid ducts enter the oral cavity through the 2nd upper molar

located below the mandible. Produce more serous than mucous secretions

smallest gland and produce mainly mucous secretions

contains mucin that is stimulated by sympathetic

0.5-1.5 L daily

(1)keeps oral cavity moist (2) protective functions (lysozyme antibacterial enzyme, neutralizes mouth ph (3)begins the process of digestion – 5 % of total carbohydrates.

in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing Increases efficiency of digestion

connects the mouth to the esophagus.

the pharynx consist of 3 parts:

moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is approx. 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea.

wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of the bolus, allowing the digestive tract to expand.

A wave of contraction of the smooth muscle behind the bolus propels it through the digestive tract.

a bolus of food is pushed by the tounge againts the hard and soft palates and posteriorly toward the oropharynx…

the soft palage is elevated, closing off the nasopharynx

a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and continue to process of mechanical digestion.

produce a churning action in the stomach.

folds in the stomach

semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions

kills microorganism and activates the enzyme, pepsin (produced by parietal cells)

inactive form is pepsinogen breaks covalent bond of proteins to form smaller peptide chains chief cells

lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall (mucous neck cells & surface mucous cells)

binds with vit b12 and makes its more readily absorbed in the small intestine produced by parietal cells

medulla oblongata

enteric plexus in the wall of GT

weak contractions

strong contractions

major function is absorption of nutrient. It is about 6 m long and consist of three parts.

described as a C-shaped located below the stomach that surrounds the pancreas

2.5 m long that absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.

longest part (3.5 m long) it absorbs any final nutrients, with major absorptive products being vitamin B12 and bile acids.

small aggregates of lymphatic tissue found in the mucosa of the ileum.

it weights about 1.36 kg

takes oxygen rich blood to the liver

carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances form digestive tract

Blood exit through the hepatic vein

processes nutrient and detoxifies harmful substances form the blood.

The liver produce and secretes about

complex alkaline solutions that contain bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and lecithin( mixture of phospholipids).

retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach

composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues

pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans that produce the hormone insulin and glucagon.

composed of acinar glands. Acini cells produce digestive enzymes that empties into the pancreatic duct.

The major protein digesting enzyme (PROTEOLYTIC) are

continue the polysaccharide digestion that began in the oral cavity.

lipid digesting enzyme

degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.

It extends from ileocecal junction to the anus. Chyme is converted into feces.

process of elimination of feces

small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat

are saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance.

small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum

proximal end of the large intestines where it joins the small intestine in the ileocecal junction.

approximately 1.5 – 1.8 m long and can be divided into four parts: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid (terminal portion). The mucosal lining of the colon is crypts, which contains many mucous producing goblet cells.

straight muscular tube that begins in the termination of sigmoid colon and anal canal. The muscular tunic is composed od smooth muscle and is relatively thick in the rectum compared to the rest of the digestive tract.

the last 2-3 cm of digestive tract. Begins at the inferior end of rectum and ends at the anal canal.