also known as mass movement, is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice.

controlling factors in mass wasting

sudden failure of the slope resulting in transport of debris downhill by rolling,sliding, and slumping

type of slide where in downward rotation of rock or regolith occurs along a curved surface

free falling dislodge bodies of rocks or a mixture of rock regolith and soil in the case of debris fall

involves the rapid displacement of masses of rock or debris along on inclined surface

materials flow downhill mixed with water or air

water saturated flow when contains 20-40% water;above 40% water content

common whenever water cannot escape from the saturated surface layer infiltrating to deeper levels;create disticnt features;lobes and sheep debris

results from heavy rains causing to be saturated with water; commonly have tounge-like front

also known as mudslide. it is form of mass wasting involving fast moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water

sediment flows that contains between 0 and 20% water note: posible with little no water

slowest type of mass wasting requiring several years of gradual movement to have a pronounced effect on the slope. evidence oftem seen in bent trees,offset in roads,and femces.inclined utility poles

forms in dry or nearly dry granular sediment with air filling the pore spaces such as sand flowing down the dune face

very high velocity flows involving huge masses of falling rocks and debris that break up and pulverize on impact; often occurs in verry steep mountain ranges

a downslope viscuss flow of fine grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity

the action of surface processes that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited.

—————-is the laying down or settling of eroded material. Mass wasting is the downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil because of the pull of gravity. Landslides and mudslides are examples of mass wasting.

process of breakdown pf rocks at the earths surface, by the action of water,ice acids,salts,plants,animals,gravity,and changing temperature

what are the three types of weathering

also called mechanical weathering, is a process that causes the disintegration of rocks, mineral, and soils without chemical change.

it occurs when rock surface is frequently exposed to water, wind and gravity

it pccurs when water continually seeps into cracks,freeze and expand,eventually breaking the rock apart

it can happen as cracks develop parallel to the landsurface as a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion. it occurs typically in upland areas where there are exposures of uniform coatsely crystaline igneous rock

caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts. These reactions occur particularly when the water is slightly acidic. These chemical processes need water, and occur more rapidly at higher temperature, so warm, damp climates are best. Chemical weathering (especially hydrolysis and oxidation) is the first stage in the production of soils.

carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and becomes weakly acidic. This weak “carbonic acid” can dissolve limestone as it seeps into cracks and cavities. Over many years, solution of the rock can form spectacular cave systems.

the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in solution.

a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its chemical structure. Example: H2O (water) is added to CaSO4 (calcium sulfate) to create CaSO4 + 2H2O (calcium sulfate dihydrate). It changes from anhydrite to gypsum.

the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron- rich rocks a rusty-colored weathered surface.

occurs when rocks are weakened by different biological agents like plants and animals. When plant roots grow through rocks, it creates fracture and cracks that result eventually to rock breakage.

Burrowing animals like shrews, moles and earthworms create holes on the ground by excavation and move the rock fragments to the surface. These fragments become more exposed to other environmental factors that can further enhance their weathering. Furthermore, humans also indirectly contribute to biological weathering by different activities that cause rocks to break.

Someplantsandanimalsalso produced acidic substances that react with the rock and cause its slow disintegration

the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a ▶planet during its first few million years of evolution

single connected continents made up of all or most of the land on the surface of earth

superocean

a super continent between 3.6 and 3.1 billion years ago it was the ______ who witnessed the emergence of life on earth

its name meaning “original” in german, formed approximately 3billion years ago -witnessed the transformation of planets atmosphere

formed in neorchean period about 2.72 billion years ago

kenorland formed in neorchean period about 2.62 billion years ago ________ organism were emmerging in the worlds oceans

formed about 1.8 billion years ago and broke up 1.5 billion years ago -first plant colonized land in the form of red algae

the first multicellular organisms began to appear in oceans around the world _______ 1.1 billion years ago, the earths landmasses began to resemble or current continents

_______came together while most land was located at the earths pole in glacier form. two eceans, the panthalassa and pan-african -formed 650 million years ago and then broke apart about 560 million years ago.

it is the name given to the single landmass that was present 200 million

was formed because of three way split in the crust allowing massive lava flows. -the split was caused by upwelling of magma that broke the crust in three directions and poured out lava over hundreas of square miles of africa and south america

laurasia or gondwanaland was made of present day continents of North america (greenland) europe,and asia

was made of the present day continents of antartica m,australia,south america and india

theory that continents were once part of a single lanass that broke apart and have moved to their present locations -can drift apart fromone to another and have do in the past

a german meteorologist,geophysicists, and polar researcher. pioneered the use of ballons to track air circulation

what are the 4 wegeners evidence

speed of the continent;antartica

movement speed of continent: antartica

movement speed of continent: africa

continent speed: south america

continent speed: north america

when two plates past each other —> <—

when to continental plates are shoved together —> <—

when two plates pushed apart <— —>

when one plates plunges beneath another —> <~

two plates move apart