問題一覧
1
Which of the following is the primary conflict in Erikson’s stage of adulthood?
intimacy vs isolation
2
At what stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children understand conservation?
Concrete Operational
3
Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" refers to:
The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with help.
4
Who is known for the theory of eight psychosocial stages of development?
Erik Erikson
5
Freud's genital stage primarily focuses on:
Sexual maturity and relationships
6
In Kohlberg's theory, the post-conventional level of moral development is characterized by:
Social contract and universal ethical principles
7
Attachment, according to John Bowlby, is:
A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space
8
During which age range does Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage occur?
6 to 12 years
9
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes:
The process by which children construct a mental model of the world
10
Which theorist proposed that human development is a series of psychosocial crises?
Erik Erikson
11
The difference between acculturation and assimilation is:
Acculturation involves adopting new cultural traits, while assimilation involves the loss of original cultural identity.
12
Cultural competence in counseling refers to:
Understanding and respecting the client's cultural background.
13
Microaggressions in counseling are:
Subtle, often unintentional, interactions or behaviors that convey bias.
14
Privilege in counseling refers to:
The unearned advantages that counselors or clients might have based on their social identity.
15
Understanding a client's worldview in multicultural counseling is important because:
It enables the counselor to work within the client's cultural framework.
16
Ethnocentrism in a counseling context is:
Evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
17
Intersectionality is important in understanding a client's cultural background because:
It considers the multiple, overlapping social identities a client may have.
18
The RESPECTFUL model in counseling is used to:
Guide counselors in addressing a broad range of cultural and social factors in the counseling relationship.
19
Socioeconomic status can influence the counseling process by:
Affecting the client's access to resources and services.
20
Culturally responsive counseling involves:
Adapting counseling approaches to fit the client's cultural context.
21
The difference between empathy and sympathy in counseling is:
Empathy involves understanding the client's feelings, while sympathy involves feeling pity for the client.
22
Carl Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard means:
Accepting and valuing the client as they are without judgment.
23
Transference in counseling refers to:
The client projecting feelings and attitudes from a past relationship onto the counselor.
24
Open-ended questions are beneficial in counseling because:
They encourage clients to explore and elaborate on their thoughts and feelings.
25
The core conditions of person-centered therapy include all ЕХСЕРТ:
Directive techniques
26
Self-disclosure by the counselor should be used:
Only when it benefits the client's therapeutic process.
27
The stages of the counseling process generally include:
Engagement, exploration, insight, action, and termination.
28
Active listening in counseling involves:
Fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says.
29
Motivational interviewing is particularly effective in:
Addressing ambivalence about change, especially in addiction counseling.
30
The therapeutic alliance is important because:
It is a significant predictor of positive outcomes in therapy.
31
In group counseling, the term "cohesion" refers to:
The sense of belonging and togetherness among group members.
32
Which stage of group development is characterized by conflict and resistance?
Storming
33
A homogenous group in group therapy refers to a group:
With members of similar backgrounds or issues.
34
In group work, a "scapegoat" is:
A member who is unfairly blamed for problems within the group.
35
Which of the following is a key advantage of group counseling?
The opportunity for members to receive feedback from peers.
36
The "norming" stage in group development is characterized by:
Members beginning to trust each other and work together.
37
In group counseling, the role of the leader typically includes:
Facilitating communication and promoting group cohesion.
38
In a group setting, the term "universality" refers to:
The shared feelings and experiences among group members.
39
Which of the following is NOT typically a goal of group therapy?
Ensuring all members agree on every issue.
40
A key characteristic of the "performing" stage in group development is:
Group members focus on achieving goals and working effectively together.
41
Which theory of career development emphasizes the role of self-concept?
Super's life-span, life-space theory
42
John Holland's theory classifies careers into how many personality types?
6
43
In career counseling, the term "occupational outlook" refers to:
The future demand and opportunities for a particular career.
44
The concept of "career maturity" was introduced by which theorist?
Donald Super
45
In career counseling, the term "work-life balance" refers to:
Managing work demands in a way that allows time for personal activities.
46
Which of the following is a key component of Krumboltz's social learning theory of career decision making?
Career decisions are influenced by learning experiences.
47
According to Holland, a person with a "realistic" personality type would likely be interested in careers involving:
Strong Interest Inventory
48
Super's concept of "life roles" in career development refers to:
The various positions an individual occupies in society, such as student, worker, or parent.
49
In career counseling, a "job shadowing" experience involves:
Observing a professional in their work environment to learn about a specific career.
50
The purpose of a norm-referenced test is to:
Determine how well an individual performs relative to others.
51
Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
52
Reliability in assessment refers to:
The consistency of test results over time.
53
A test with high validity is one that:
Accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
54
Which career assessment tool is based on Holland's theory of vocational personalities?
Strong Interest Inventory
55
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
56
Which type of validity is concerned with whether a test measures the entire range of behaviors that it is supposed to measure?
Content validity
57
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is designed to assess:
Cognitive abilities.
58
A standard score, also known as a z-score, indicates:
How far a score deviates from the mean in standard deviation units.
59
The main purpose of a diagnostic assessment is to:
Identify specific learning needs or difficulties.
60
Which type of test typically involves asking a client to describe ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures or inkblots?
Projective test
61
Which research design involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period?
Longitudinal design
62
In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is called the:
Independent variable
63
Which statistical test would be most appropriate to compare the means of two independent groups?
T-test
64
The purpose of random assignment in experimental research is to:
Control for extraneous variables and reduce bias.
65
Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?
Conducting in-depth interviews to explore participants' experiences.
66
A null hypothesis typically states that:
There is no significant relationship between variables.
67
In program evaluation, formative evaluation is used to:
Provide feedback during the development or implementation of a program.
68
Which of the following represents a positive correlation?
As one variable increases, the other variable increases.
69
A Type I error in hypothesis testing occurs when:
The null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.
70
In research, an operational definition is:
A specific explanation of how variables are measured or manipulated.
71
The principle of autonomy in counseling ethics refers to:
Respecting the client's right to make their own decisions.
72
Which of the following is NOT considered an ethical issue in counseling?
Prescribing medication
73
Informed consent in counseling involves:
The counselor informing the client about the therapy process, risks, and their rights.
74
Which of the following scenarios could represent a violation of confidentiality?
Discussing a client's case with another professional without the client's consent.
75
The concept of "beneficence" in the counseling profession refers to:
The obligation to act in the client's best interest.
76
If a counselor feels unable to effectively work with a client, they should:
Refer the client to another qualified professional.
77
Dual relationships in counseling refer to:
The counselor engaging in more than one type of relationship with a client (e.g., personal and professional).
78
When is it ethically permissible for a counselor to break client confidentiality?
To prevent serious and foreseeable harm to the client or others.
79
A counselor is ethically required to keep records of client sessions for:
A period determined by state laws and regulations.
80
Which of the following is a key element of a professional counselor's ethical responsibility?
Keeping up with continuing education and professional development.
81
If a client reveals plans to harm another person, the counselor is typically required to:
Warn the intended victim and/or contact authorities.
82
Which of the following best describes "privileged communication"?
Legal protection that prevents confidential information from being disclosed in court without the client's consent.
83
A counselor who engages in research must ensure that participants:
Provide informed consent and are protected from harm.
84
In ethical decision-making, the first step a counselor should take is:
Identify the ethical dilemma.
85
When a counselor uses telehealth services, they must:
Ensure the client has the necessary technology and understand the risks of digital communication.
86
Erikson's stage of "Industry vs. Inferiority" typically occurs during:
Middle childhood (ages 6-11).
87
Piaget's preoperational stage is characterized by:
The use of symbols to represent objects and the beginning of language development.
88
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the highest level of needs is:
Self-actualization.
89
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the "pre-conventional" level is characterized by:
Obedience to avoid punishment and gain rewards.
90
Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" refers to:
The distance between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.
91
Freud's psychosexual stage during which children develop an attachment to the parent of the opposite sex is called the:
Phallic stage.
92
Attachment theory, primarily developed by John Bowlby, emphasizes the importance of:
The bond between the child and their primary caregiver.
93
According to Erikson, the primary developmental challenge of adolescence is:
Identity vs. Role Confusion.
94
Bandura's concept of "self-efficacy" refers to:
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.
95
A key concept in Carl Rogers' theory of personality is:
The need for unconditional positive regard.
96
Cultural competence in counseling refers to:
A counselor's ability to work effectively with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds.
97
Ethnocentrism is the belief that:
One's own culture is superior to others.
98
The term "acculturation" refers to:
The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.
99
Which of the following is a key component of multicultural counseling?
Recognizing and addressing power dynamics in the counseling relationship.
100
Microaggressions are best described as:
Subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments or behaviors.