問題一覧
1
Which of the following best describes "privileged communication"?
Legal protection that prevents confidential information from being disclosed in court without the client's consent.
2
Which of the following is a key component of multicultural counseling?
Recognizing and addressing power dynamics in the counseling relationship.
3
Socioeconomic status can influence the counseling process by:
Affecting the client's access to resources and services.
4
John Holland's theory classifies careers into how many personality types?
6
5
A key characteristic of the "performing" stage in group development is:
Group members focus on achieving goals and working effectively together.
6
According to Erikson, the primary developmental challenge of adolescence is:
Identity vs. Role Confusion.
7
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the highest level of needs is:
Self-actualization.
8
The principle of autonomy in counseling ethics refers to:
Respecting the client's right to make their own decisions.
9
Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
10
Self-disclosure by the counselor should be used:
Only when it benefits the client's therapeutic process.
11
The purpose of random assignment in experimental research is to:
Control for extraneous variables and reduce bias.
12
The term "acculturation" refers to:
The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.
13
The concept of "beneficence" in the counseling profession refers to:
The obligation to act in the client's best interest.
14
In group counseling, the term "cohesion" refers to:
The sense of belonging and togetherness among group members.
15
Freud's genital stage primarily focuses on:
Sexual maturity and relationships
16
Motivational interviewing is particularly effective in:
Addressing ambivalence about change, especially in addiction counseling.
17
During which age range does Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage occur?
6 to 12 years
18
The difference between empathy and sympathy in counseling is:
Empathy involves understanding the client's feelings, while sympathy involves feeling pity for the client.
19
Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" refers to:
The distance between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.
20
A counselor who engages in research must ensure that participants:
Provide informed consent and are protected from harm.
21
Culturally responsive counseling involves:
Adapting counseling approaches to fit the client's cultural context.
22
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
23
Ethnocentrism in a counseling context is:
Evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
24
In research, an operational definition is:
A specific explanation of how variables are measured or manipulated.
25
The RESPECTFUL model in counseling is used to:
Guide counselors in addressing a broad range of cultural and social factors in the counseling relationship.
26
Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?
Conducting in-depth interviews to explore participants' experiences.
27
When is it ethically permissible for a counselor to break client confidentiality?
To prevent serious and foreseeable harm to the client or others.
28
The concept of "career maturity" was introduced by which theorist?
Donald Super
29
In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is called the:
Independent variable
30
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes:
The process by which children construct a mental model of the world
31
In Kohlberg's theory, the post-conventional level of moral development is characterized by:
Social contract and universal ethical principles
32
Which statistical test would be most appropriate to compare the means of two independent groups?
T-test
33
Cultural competence in counseling refers to:
Understanding and respecting the client's cultural background.
34
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is designed to assess:
Cognitive abilities.
35
A counselor is ethically required to keep records of client sessions for:
A period determined by state laws and regulations.
36
In career counseling, the term "work-life balance" refers to:
Managing work demands in a way that allows time for personal activities.
37
Which of the following is a key component of Krumboltz's social learning theory of career decision making?
Career decisions are influenced by learning experiences.
38
The therapeutic alliance is important because:
It is a significant predictor of positive outcomes in therapy.
39
Which of the following is NOT typically a goal of group therapy?
Ensuring all members agree on every issue.
40
Which of the following scenarios could represent a violation of confidentiality?
Discussing a client's case with another professional without the client's consent.
41
Carl Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard means:
Accepting and valuing the client as they are without judgment.
42
Which type of validity is concerned with whether a test measures the entire range of behaviors that it is supposed to measure?
Content validity
43
Open-ended questions are beneficial in counseling because:
They encourage clients to explore and elaborate on their thoughts and feelings.
44
If a counselor feels unable to effectively work with a client, they should:
Refer the client to another qualified professional.
45
According to Holland, a person with a "realistic" personality type would likely be interested in careers involving:
Strong Interest Inventory
46
Which career assessment tool is based on Holland's theory of vocational personalities?
Strong Interest Inventory
47
The difference between acculturation and assimilation is:
Acculturation involves adopting new cultural traits, while assimilation involves the loss of original cultural identity.
48
The purpose of a norm-referenced test is to:
Determine how well an individual performs relative to others.
49
Microaggressions are best described as:
Subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments or behaviors.
50
Attachment theory, primarily developed by John Bowlby, emphasizes the importance of:
The bond between the child and their primary caregiver.
51
Intersectionality is important in understanding a client's cultural background because:
It considers the multiple, overlapping social identities a client may have.
52
Which theory of career development emphasizes the role of self-concept?
Super's life-span, life-space theory
53
Cultural competence in counseling refers to:
A counselor's ability to work effectively with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds.
54
A test with high validity is one that:
Accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
55
Informed consent in counseling involves:
The counselor informing the client about the therapy process, risks, and their rights.
56
Dual relationships in counseling refer to:
The counselor engaging in more than one type of relationship with a client (e.g., personal and professional).
57
In program evaluation, formative evaluation is used to:
Provide feedback during the development or implementation of a program.
58
Which of the following is a key element of a professional counselor's ethical responsibility?
Keeping up with continuing education and professional development.
59
Transference in counseling refers to:
The client projecting feelings and attitudes from a past relationship onto the counselor.
60
In career counseling, the term "occupational outlook" refers to:
The future demand and opportunities for a particular career.
61
Which stage of group development is characterized by conflict and resistance?
Storming
62
In group work, a "scapegoat" is:
A member who is unfairly blamed for problems within the group.
63
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the "pre-conventional" level is characterized by:
Obedience to avoid punishment and gain rewards.
64
Bandura's concept of "self-efficacy" refers to:
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.
65
Which of the following is NOT considered an ethical issue in counseling?
Prescribing medication
66
The core conditions of person-centered therapy include all ЕХСЕРТ:
Directive techniques
67
In ethical decision-making, the first step a counselor should take is:
Identify the ethical dilemma.
68
When a counselor uses telehealth services, they must:
Ensure the client has the necessary technology and understand the risks of digital communication.
69
A key concept in Carl Rogers' theory of personality is:
The need for unconditional positive regard.
70
Understanding a client's worldview in multicultural counseling is important because:
It enables the counselor to work within the client's cultural framework.
71
A Type I error in hypothesis testing occurs when:
The null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.
72
Freud's psychosexual stage during which children develop an attachment to the parent of the opposite sex is called the:
Phallic stage.
73
Active listening in counseling involves:
Fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says.
74
Which of the following represents a positive correlation?
As one variable increases, the other variable increases.
75
Super's concept of "life roles" in career development refers to:
The various positions an individual occupies in society, such as student, worker, or parent.
76
Who is known for the theory of eight psychosocial stages of development?
Erik Erikson
77
A null hypothesis typically states that:
There is no significant relationship between variables.
78
Erikson's stage of "Industry vs. Inferiority" typically occurs during:
Middle childhood (ages 6-11).
79
Reliability in assessment refers to:
The consistency of test results over time.
80
At what stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children understand conservation?
Concrete Operational
81
The "norming" stage in group development is characterized by:
Members beginning to trust each other and work together.
82
A homogenous group in group therapy refers to a group:
With members of similar backgrounds or issues.
83
Which of the following is a key advantage of group counseling?
The opportunity for members to receive feedback from peers.
84
Ethnocentrism is the belief that:
One's own culture is superior to others.
85
Piaget's preoperational stage is characterized by:
The use of symbols to represent objects and the beginning of language development.
86
Which type of test typically involves asking a client to describe ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures or inkblots?
Projective test
87
Which of the following is the primary conflict in Erikson’s stage of adulthood?
intimacy vs isolation
88
In group counseling, the role of the leader typically includes:
Facilitating communication and promoting group cohesion.
89
The stages of the counseling process generally include:
Engagement, exploration, insight, action, and termination.
90
The main purpose of a diagnostic assessment is to:
Identify specific learning needs or difficulties.
91
Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" refers to:
The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with help.
92
In career counseling, a "job shadowing" experience involves:
Observing a professional in their work environment to learn about a specific career.
93
In a group setting, the term "universality" refers to:
The shared feelings and experiences among group members.
94
If a client reveals plans to harm another person, the counselor is typically required to:
Warn the intended victim and/or contact authorities.
95
Which theorist proposed that human development is a series of psychosocial crises?
Erik Erikson
96
Which research design involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period?
Longitudinal design
97
A standard score, also known as a z-score, indicates:
How far a score deviates from the mean in standard deviation units.
98
Privilege in counseling refers to:
The unearned advantages that counselors or clients might have based on their social identity.
99
Attachment, according to John Bowlby, is:
A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space
100
Microaggressions in counseling are:
Subtle, often unintentional, interactions or behaviors that convey bias.