Vitamins are ______

Needed in small amounts

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

THERE ARE ___ KNOWN VITAMINS

LAST TO BE DISCOVERED VITAMIN WAS

directly into the blood

travel without carriers

circulate in the water-filled parts of the body

kidneys remove excess in urine

not likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements

needed in frequent doses

function as coenzymes

first enter into the lymph system

many require protein carriers

found in the cells associated with fat

tend to remain in fat-storage sites

likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements

needed in periodic doses

do not function as coenzymes

plays an essential role in metabolism by helping convert nutrients into energy. The richest food sources include pork, sunflower seeds, and wheat germ.

helps convert food into energy and also acts as an antioxidant. Foods highest in it include organ meats, beef, and mushrooms.

plays a role in cellular signaling, metabolism and DNA production and repair. Food sources include chicken, tuna and lentils.

Like other B vitamins, it helps your body obtain energy from food and is also involved in hormone and cholesterol production. Liver, fish, yogurt, and avocado are all good sources.

is involved in amino acid metabolism, red blood cell production and the cre on of neurotransmitters. Foods highest in this vitamin include chickpeas, salmon and potatoes.

is essential for carbohydrate and fat metabolism and regulates gene expression. Yeast, eggs, salmon, cheese, and liver are among the best food sources of it.

is needed for cell growth, amino acid metabolism, the formation of red and white blood cells and proper cell division. It can be found in foods like leafy greens, liver, and beans or in supplements

Perhaps the most well-known of all the B vitamins, it is vital for neurological function, DNA production, and red blood cell development. Found naturally in animal sources like meats, eggs, seafood, and dairy

Whole grains such as cereals and breads top the list, although we can enrich our bodies by eating products such as propolis, bee pollen, and raw unprocessed honey. Eating a well-rounded diet of fresh fruit and vegetables also helps supply us with this, as do a wide variety of herbals to include cloves, thyme, sage, ginger, spearmint, jojoba, hawthorne, and blessed thistle

- whole grains, nuts, and legumes - effective in treating psychological conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder, is its ability to influence how much serotonin is available to be supplied to nerves in the brain

- an anti-allergen for the skin, alleviating rheumatic fever, and as an anti-aging agent working to eliminate lines, wrinkles, and dark spots. - Green leafy vegetables, whole grains, molasses, mushrooms, wheat germ, and eggs.

- works in tandem with B12 to contribute to the formation of DNA and RNA - essential to the formation and growth of body tissues as well as the fetus's brains and spinal cord during embryogenesis as an ingredient in some anti-acne creams, and benefiting in the treatment of foot related issues like psoriasis, corns, calluses, and numerous other skin afflictions. - Egg yolk, liver, meat and poultry, organs, potatoes, and green leafy vegetables such as spinach.

- Has the simplest structure - Humans cannot synthesize it so it must be obtained from the diet - 100mg/day saturates all body tissue with the compound - All additional vitamin that was not used are readily excreted in the urine - Needs iron for faster absorption

FUNCTION • Collagen synthesis - skin, tendons, ligaments,; matrix for bones and teeth • General antioxidant - "recharging" spent enzymes - Iron, vitamin E, niacin - Used as food preservative • Synthesis of neurotransmitters - Synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine from tyrosine - Serotonin from tryptophan

Dietary intake provides a person with both preformed and precursor form • Egg yolk, dairy products • Beta carotene- red orange pigment • Carrots, squash, cantaloupe, apricots, yellow vegetables and fruits, leafy green vegetables

FUNCTIONS • Vision - In the eyes, combines with the protein opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin - Rhodopsin participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses to be be sent to the brain

FUNCTIONS • Regulating cell differentiation - Process whereby immature cells change in structure and function to become specialized cells - binds to protein receptors and these complexes then bind to regulatory regions of DNA molecules

FUNCTIONS • Maintenance of the health of epithelial tissues - Covering - lining to internal cavities and tubes - Lack of vitamin causes these surfaces to become drier and harder than normal

FUNCTIONS • Reproduction and Growth - Participates in sperm development - Normal fetal growth and development

- Has several forms - ________ is the term used for Vitamin D - Most important are Vitamin D2 (__________) and D3 (__________) - Sources: - Plant origin (D2) - Animal origin (D3) - D3 can be made within our body

Sources of __________ - Liver - Fatty fish (salmon) - Egg yolks - Fortified foods - Milk - Margarine - Breakfast cereals

VITAMIN ___ is more potent than ___ and less expensive to manufacturate

FUNCTIONS - Maintain normal blood levels of calcium ion and phosphate ion for bone absorption - Stimulates absorption of these ions from the GI tract - Aids in their retention by the kidneys - Triggers the deposition of calcium salts into the organic matrix of bones by activating the biosynthesis of calcium-binding proteins

- Four forms - Alpha, beta, delta, gamma tocopherol - Tocopherol form with the greatest biochemical activity is alpha tocopherol

Sources - Vegetable oils - Nuts - Seeds - Margarine - Salad dressings - Spinach - broccoli - It is easily destroyed by exposure to excessive heat (deep frying)

FUNCTIONS • Antioxidant - A compound that protects other compounds from oxidation by being oxidized itself - Giving up the hydrogen present on its -OH group to oxygen containing free radicals - Reaction with vitamin C restores the hydrogen lost - Prevents oxidation of PUFA in membrane lipids - Protects Vitamin A from oxidation

FUNCTIONS • Exerts its antioxidant effect in the LUNGS where exposure to oxygen and air pollutants is greates

• Premature infants do not have a lot of vitamin __ which is passed from the mother only during the last weeks of pregnancy - Vitamin ___ along with oxygen is administered to give antioxidant protection to prevent respiratory distress

FUNCTIONS has also been found to be involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin

• Found in animals and humans • Can be synthesized by bacteria including those found in the human intestinal tract • Half is supplied in the diet

• Green, leafy vegetables are the only rich source of vitamin __ - Spinach - Cabbage • In lesser amount - Peas, tomatoes, liver

FUNCTIONS • is essential in the blood clotting process - Essential for the formation of prothrombin and 5 other proteins involved in the regulation of blood clotting - Sometimes given to presurgical patients to ensure adequate prothrombin levels and to prevent hemorrhaging

FUNCTIONS • Required for the biosynthesis of several other proteins found in the plasma, bone, and kidney

VITAMIN A AKA

VITAMIN D AKA

VITAMIN E AKA

VITAMIN K AKA