A complementary concept to business process management (BPM)

It refers to properties and characteristics that determine the technically produced quality of anapplication or service

It describes the characteristics of location and space, including movements within and transitionsbetween locations, f

It refers to configuration factors, such as encoding, resolution, sampling rate, frame rate, andsynchronization; and t

These factors are highly complex because of their subjectivity and relation to internal states andprocesses that makes

It is related to temporal aspects of a given experience, for example, time of day, week, month, season, and year.

This factor may change over time or as a user changes his location and are tightly related to the network quality of service

It is defined by the interpersonal relations existing during the experience, and it becomes veryimportant at the recom

These are factors that embrace any situational property to describe the user’s environment.

describes the relationship between the system of interest and other relevant systems and services.

Its capacity will have a tremendous impact on the end-user experience, but the content and signalquality will interact

To create effective teams, it must be clear who is involved in a particular process, and what each person brings to the table.

As a starting point, the identity, skills, experience, and personal characteristics of each person must be captured. It is then necessary to define each individual's responsibilities and negotiate his/her commitment to accepting these responsibilities.

If people are to manage their interactions with others better, their communications must be structured and goal- directed. Within a process, there must be specific channels of communication for different purposes, each of which unifies messages transmitted via a variety of means (email, text message, FAX, voice-over-IP, etc.).

Organizations must learn to manage the time and mental effort their staff members invest in researching, comparing, considering, deciding, and generally turning information into knowledge and ideas. The people responsible for creating and managing this knowledge must be able to control its usage and distribution. It must contain Entity objects that can be created, versioned, and shared in a structured way.

Humans may not sequence their activities in the manner of a software program, but there is always structure to human work, which must be understood and institutionalized so that it can be managed and improved.

This means empowering people to choose and/or create their own work activities from an appropriate range, guided by understanding of organizational context (so that they can aim to deliver maximum value) and restricted by business rules that prevent contravention of applicable policies and standards.

Human activities are concerned often with solving problems, or making something happen. Such activities routinely start in the same fashion – by establishing a way of proceeding. Before you can design your new widget, or develop your marketing plan, you need to work out how you are going to do so – which people should be consulted, and so on. In other words, process definition is an intrinsic part of the process itself. It takes place via negotiation between all involved parties, and is not a one-time thing but happens continually throughout the life of the process.

It is the process of obtaining the text string corresponding to an acoustic input. ASR is the technology that allows human beings to use their voices to speak with a computer interface in a way that, in its most sophisticated variations, resembles normal human conversation.

It is an emerging field in between speech and language processing, investigating human/machine and human/ human communication by leveraging technologies from signal processing, pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

The core logic of the conversational application is encapsulated within dialog management, which mainly consists of tasks like updating the dialog context, providing context for sentence interpretation, coordinating invoking of other modules, and deciding the information to convey to the user and when to do it.

is the methods and procedures governing the way that information is exchanged between the user and the computer system.

It is the process of obtaining sentences in natural language from the nonlinguistic representation.

is a subset of artificial intelligence that takes data in and transforms it into language that sounds natural as if a human was writing or speaking the content.

The goal of this systems is to determine how best to communicate the findings or analysis of the data.

One of the most important purposes of studying queuing theory is to find a balance between these two costs, i.e., the waiting cost and the service cost.

If the customer waits for too long, he/she may not be happy with the service and thus might not return in the future, causing loss of potential profit; or, conversely, parts may be waiting too long, increasing production cycle time and thus again losing potential sales and profits. These costs are considered

application balances these two costs by determining the right level of service so that the total cost of the operations (waiting cost + service cost) can be optimize

– This represents a group of flow units, for example, customers, some of whom are associated with the queuing system for predetermined purposes. This means that a flow unit joins one or more queues of flow units waiting in different buffers within a certain process.

This represents a determined way or path that every flow unit should follow after entering the queuing process. The path for each flow unit is determined depending on the type of flow unit. Such a path consists of a number of activities through which the flow unit passes.

requires that a flow unit joins the queue at the end of a single line and the flow unit is served after all the flow units before it is served.

enables the flow unit to choose one of several queue lines.

This consists of a number of services that perform a set of tasks on the flow unit within a process. The flow unit enters the service facility when the resource is available to provide the flow unit with the service it needs.

time spent by the service in performing the work on the flow unit is called the

It represents the rule or discipline used to choose the next flow unit for serving; there are different disciplines used depending on the purpose of the queuing system. The most commonly used rule is known as first-in-first-out. Some queue disciplines also use a priority of the flow unit to select the next to be served. This rule is, for example, used in medical

It is a technique that enables us to define and launch an imitation of the behavior of a certain real system in order to analyze its functionality and performance in detail.

One of the most important properties of this echnique is to enable experts to carry out experiments on the behavior of a system by generating various options of what-if questions

For this purpose, real-life input data is required and collected for use in running, observing the system’s behavior over time, and conducting different experiments without disturbing the functioning of the original system.

In this step, a statement should be prepared, which shows that the problem discussed is undestood

This step deals with developing a model of the system that is intended to be simulated. To do this properly, the modeler should use a modeling technique that enables her/him to transfer the behavior of the system into the model developed as closely as possible.

: The simulation of any system requires the collection of detailed data about the system’s behavior and each activity performed within the framework of the system.

– This step deals with whether the accurately written program truly reflects the translation of the systems model into the program. This step requires debugging the program carefully in order to remove any mistakes that exist in it.

This step examines the model developed in order to find out whether it is a true reflection of the original real system.

– It means applying business analytics to process-related data, and is a field of research in the area of business process management. It focuses on the four general performance measures of quality, time, cost, and flexibility.

In this step, the simulation team prepares different alternative scenarios for running the simulation process. These scenarios are developed on the basis of a complete understanding of the behavior of the system, generating different possible behavior possibilities of the system by using what-if questions,

: In this step, the simulation team deals with estimating and analyzing the performance results of the simulation in the prepared scenarios of the previous step. On the basis of the results of the previously completed simulation runs, the team may determine the need for conducting more simulation runs.

The quality of a product created in a process is often not directly visible from execution logs. However, a good indication is to check whether there are repetitions in the execution logs, because such typically occur when a task has not been completed successfully. Repetitions can be found in the sequences of a task.

Time and its more specific measures cycle time and waiting time are important general performance measures. Event logs typically show timestamps such that they can be used for time analysis.

In a process context, cost measurement is mainly related to the problem of asigning indirect cost. like the purchasing costs of four wheels that are assembled on a car can be easily determined. Indirect labor or machine depreciation is more difficult. In accounting, the concept of activity-based costing (ABC) was developed to more accurately assign indirect costs to products and services as well as to individual customers.

Flexibility refers to the degree of variation that a process permits. This flexibility can be discussed in relation to the event logs the process produces. For the company owning the process, this is important information in order to compare the desired level of flexibility with the actual flexibility. It might turn out that the process is more flexible than what is demanded from a business perspective.

It is a proven approach for becoming an excellent operational system. It is based on the Toyota production system, which Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota, Japan) has been perfecting for more than five decades. Lean applies a unique process mapping approach called value-stream mapping. The current-state, value-stream map documents the materials and information flow. Value- stream mapping always starts with the customer and includes both materials and information flow.

– It is a business improvement approach that seeks to find and eliminate causes of mistakes or defects in business processes by focusing on outputs that are of critical importance to customers.

Pojects should be customer-focused. The key element of any customer-supplier relationship is a clear understanding of what the customer expectations are. The message received from gaining a clear understanding of customer expectations is sometimes referred to as the voice of the customer.

views an enterprise as a system with resources linked together to meet the enterprise’s goals. All systems have a constraint that limits the system’s capacity to improve and better meet or exceed a goal.