Refers to any material which contains marks, symbols, or signs either visible or partially visible, which furnish information or ultimately convey meaning to another person.

which means lesson, or example.

means to teach.

document notarizes by a notary public or competent public officials which solemnity required by law.

Any document issued by a government, its agent or its office are having the authority to do so and the offices which is in accordance with the creation are authorized to issue.

Any document executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary or of any others legally authorized person by which the document, some of the disposition or agreement are proved and set forth.

Any document executed in accordance with the code of commerce rights of obligation.

Refers to any material which some issue has been raised or which under scrutiny.

an argument or controversy over the document.

detection of forgeries, alterations, and obliterations

intelligent Police Investigators can detect almost 75% forgeries by careful examinations

to find out who is the author of the writing

examination or study which is made with the microscope in order to discover minute physical details.

is invisible and occurs in wavelength just below the blue-violet and of the spectrum.

These invisible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon called

Employs invisible radiation beyond red portion of the visible spectrum which usually recorded on special sensitized photographic emulation.

An examination with the illumination so controlled that it grazes or strike the surfaces of the document and the light passing through the paper.

the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper.

- This type of examination is very essential in every document examination. Actual observations are recorded in the photographs.

is the study of handwriting for the purpose of determining the writer’s personality, character, and aptitude.

is the science of handwriting analysis. It is the study of document and writing materials to determine the genuineness or authorship

The first American prominent in the field of Forgery detection, and author of seminal Questioned Documents as scientific evidence.

- origin of the word paper, - discovered by the Egyptians more than 4,000 years ago.

The early form of writing surface made from grasses called

Made from soot, lampblack, and glue and other ingredients.

Made of gallo-tanic acid from the oak tress and iron sulphate.

ancient writing inks were compounds of lampblack (carbon) and a gum or glue and were mixed with water used on papyrus and vellum.

ink containing potassium chromate in saturated logwood

First manufactured sometime in 1870 are derived or made form a coal tar, aniline ink made from alkaline solutions.

usually contain methylene blue or suspension of Prussian blue consisting of potassium ferric Ferri cyanide plus oxalic acid which is dispersed in water to give a blue solution.

used in paper because of its permanent heavy ink that penetrates the paper and cannot ne removed at all.

A slow evaporating ink dries in the paper is composed of coloring materials that contain glycerol and glycols.

Used by spy organization in sending messages. Used to write secret notes or codes.

Usually composed of chemical or vegetable substance sympathetic or cryptographic inks with cobalt, chloride, citric acid and lemon juice.

The oldest system of writing Cuneiform means Wedged Shaped

“Secret Carving” 500 AD. Are characters in any system of writing in which symbols represent objects and ideas.

The choice of business and private documents.

Highly cursive form of hieratic developed about 700BC, was generally used in Egypt.

The art or practice of writing letters and words in a decorative Style.

The art and practice of rapid writing.

A Greek new form of handwritten design in the 7th and 8th century AD.

First alphabet created from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

placing or laying of one document/specimen

determine the genuineness or source

it is a first form of written communication which started as far back as 20,000 years ago. Represented by arranged objects and drawing on the walls of caves and big stones

simple drawing such as stick figures.

Combined iconographs and ideographs, a system of writing picture to represent things and then to represent sound of those things.

Is an instrument which makes it possible to see physical evidence directly that otherwise might be possible.

a three-dimensional enlargement which is important when searching for identifying characteristics in typewriting samples, crossed strokes, erasures, alterations, and other problems that require magnification.

it is side by side simultaneous comparison of questioned and known samples under study.

it is an instant comparison of inks and their ability to absorb or reflect infrared light and is a valuable tool for the detection of alteration and comparison of inks.

An instrument that the images cast in shadow.

Apparatus is used to visualize indentations by applying an electrostatic charge to a transparent film. This method can also determine if something has been added to a journal or long after the original entry was made.

A device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on document is placed.

it is used to analyse inks and see whether they are the same or different. This technique can uncover layers in documents where words have been scribbled out or written over.

Is used to do a more thorough analysis of ink. The ink is mixed with chemicals and deposited onto a silicate plate where constituents can be measured.

is a vital part of QDE and the quality of the finished product must accurately reflect what is presented in the document.

Is the result of a very complicated series of acts being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible, mental, and muscular habits acquired by long painstaking efforts.

Is a visible effect of bodily movements, which is an almost unconscious expression of certain ideas associated with script form.

Is the combination of basic design of letters and writing movements as taught in school.

Any specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality of execution.

Is a way of writing in which the writer deliberately tries to alter his usual writing habits.

Is a style of writing in which the letters are for the most part joined together.

Is any disconnected style of writing in which letters are written separately. Is a document which is completely written and signed by one person.

All capital letters.

Is one’s name written by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

Is any repeated element or detail that may serve to individualize writing.

Is term applied to any characteristics of handwriting which is sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification of the writer.

any properly or mark which distinguishes and in questioned document examination, commonly refers to identifying details.