any chemical that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions.

is a substance that acts as an activator, or promotes activity of a specific regulatory system or body process.

is a substance that acts as an inhibitor

Drugs act on a regulator molecule, known as a ______, which literally receives the agonist or antagonist molecule, and sends the signal to the body system it regulates, changing it to the liking of the agonist (activate) or antagonist (inhibit).

These drugs can either be synthesized within the body, in which case they are called _______, or chemically synthesized outside the body.

Of these drugs, ____ are drugs with harmful effects; HOWEVER, any drug or hormone in extremely high amounts can have harmful effects and thus, function as a ______. Of these ______, toxins are ______ that are biologically synthesized.

Thus, drugs that are artificially delivered to patients must have the following characteristics in order to be an effective pharmacological drug: (3)

Any drug given to the body can either be a _____ (eg. aspirin), _____ (eg. ethanol) or ____ (nitrous oxide).

What is the importance of the physical nature of drugs?

The drug size must be high enough to become unique to a receptor, which is ____.

If the drug size is _____, then there is no way for the drug to diffuse into compartments, and the ability to diffuse decreases while ______ are able to fit through the small pores and into compartments where they can be used. Larger drugs just can’t fit.

Three base units are commonly used for metric measurement of medications to indicate weight (or mass), volume, and length:

Drug receptor bonds are 3 major types:

are very strong bonds that are not readily broken.

An example of a drug that uses a ______ of action is aspirin, which forms a ____ bond with its target enzyme, cyclooxygenase.

Aspirin works in two ways:

This is a much more common type of bond in drug-receptor interactions, and is weaker than the covalent bonds.

Relatively strong ionic linkages between permanently charged molecules,Weaker hydrogen bonds that occur in highly polar molecules,  Very weak induced dipole interactions such as Van Der Waals forces.

These bonds are quite weak and are Usually found in the interactions between highly lipid-soluble drugs and lipids in the cell membranes.

The _______________ determines the specificity of the drug.

Drugs that bond via ______usually are more specific, simply because only one particular type of receptor can be able to bind it and thus induce its effect.

Another side effect of using a weakly reactive drug is that the drug ___________.

has to be prescribed by a doctor or other authorized health professional and it has to be dispensed from a pharmacy or from another specifically licensed place; Examples of these include virtually all antibiotics and medicines for treating high blood pressure.

an intermediate level of control, can be bought only from pharmacies and under a pharmacist’s supervision; examples of these medicines include tablets for emergency contraception and medicines containing codeine for treating pain that is not relieved by aspirin, ibuprofen or paracetamol alone.

covers all general sale medicines and pharmacy medicines. The description conveniently distinguishes medicines that can be bought from those that must be prescribed. General sale medicines are taken for common, easily recognized ailments which usually last around 2–3 days. These medicines cause few troublesome side effects in normal use. Examples of general sale medicines include small packs of painkillers and of antihistamines for allergies.

This type of classification describes the clinical purpose, or the physiological change induced by the drug, and does not describe anything about the way the drug achieves this change. A large percentage of these categories begin with the prefix “anti”, because anti means “against”, and these categories describe the condition that the drug is working against. There are antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antinauseants, and so forth.

Describes the specific thing that the drug does on the molecular level in order to elicit the desired physiological effect. Again focusing on the heart and blood vessels, calcium channel blockers quite literally block calcium channels in the heart, which are protein channels in the membranes of cells that regulate the passage of calcium ions in and out of the cell.

is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.

Prescribed by a doctor, Bought at a pharmacy, Prescribed for and intended to be used by one, regulated by FDA through the New Drug Application (NDA) process. This is the formal step a drug sponsor takes to ask that the FDA consider approving a new drug for marketing in the United States. An NDA includes all animal and human data and analyses of the data, as well as information about how the drug behaves in the body and how it is manufactured.

Drugs that do NOT require a doctor's prescription, Bought off-the-shelf in stores, Regulated by FDA through OTC Drug monographs. OTC drug monographs are a kind of "recipe book" covering acceptable ingredients, doses, formulations, and labeling. Monographs will continually be updated adding additional ingredients and labeling as needed. Products conforming to a monograph may be marketed without further FDA clearance, while those that do not, must undergo separate review and approval through the "New Drug Approval System.

is a popular prescribed drug for treating acute or chronic moderate to moderately severe pain. Its most common side effects are lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, and vomiting. It can reduce breathing, impair thinking, reduce physical abilities, and is habit forming.

is one of the first "statins" approved for treating high cholesterol and reducing the risk of stroke, death from heart disease, and risk of heart attacks. Its most common side effects are headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle pain. Like other statins it can cause muscle breakdown.

is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for treating high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and for preventing kidney failure caused by high blood pressure and diabetes. Its side effects include dizziness, nausea, headaches, drowsiness, and sexual dysfunction. ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough that resolves when the drug is discontinued.

is a man-made version of thyroid hormone. It is used for treating hypothyroidism. Its side effects usually result from high levels of thyroid hormone. Excessive thyroid hormone can cause chest pain, increased heart rate, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, nervousness, headache, and weight loss.

is an antibiotic used for treating ear, throat, and sinus infections as well as pneumonia, bronchitis, and some sexually transmitted diseases. Its common side effects include loose stools, nausea, stomach pain, and vomiting. Rare side effects include abnormal liver tests, allergic reactions, nervousness, and abnormal heart beats.

is used alone or in combination with other drugs for treating type 2 diabetes in adults and children. The most common side effects of it are nausea, vomiting, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.

is a "statin" approved for treating high cholesterol. It also prevents chest pain, stroke, heart attack in individuals with coronary artery disease. It causes minor side effects such as constipation, diarrhea, fatigue, gas, heartburn, and headache. Like other statins it can cause muscle pain and muscle break down.

is a calcium channel blocker used for treating high blood pressure and for treatment and prevention of chest pain. Its most common side effects are headache and swelling of the lower extremities. It can also cause dizziness, flushing, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.

is a penicillin type antibiotic used for treating several types of bacterial infections such as ear, tonsils, throat, larynx, urinary tract, and skin infections. Its side effects are diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, itching, vomiting, confusion, abdominal pain, rash, and allergic reactions.

is a diuretic (water pill) used alone or combined with other drugs for treating high blood pressure. Its side effects include weakness, low blood pressure, light sensitivity, impotence, nausea, abdominal pain, electrolyte disturbances, and rash.

is the most commonly recommended OTC medication for fever. It works well for minor aches and pains, especially for people who cannot tolerate antiinflammatory medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin

used to treat inflammation, fever, and pain are available over-the-counter. OTC ibuprofen is often recommended by health care practitioners to decrease pain and inflammation from minor orthopedic injuries.

It is an over-the-counter product used to control cough. It is usually found as one of many ingredients in cough syrups and cold medications

Common brand names: (Robitussin, Mucinex among many others) is an expectorant (it loosens mucus in the bronchi or large breathing tubes). It may initially cause more coughing to remove the mucus but will then decrease the cough intensity and frequency as the mucus is cleared out. Adequate hydration will augment the effect of this.

It comes in either pill or liquid form and act by shrinking engorged blood vessels in the nasal and sinus passages. It is important to read the ingredient list since many preparations contain multiple medications. These medications often contain an active ingredient such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) which is an adrenaline like drug.

Act similarly to oral decongestants but have the advantage of acting only in the area applied, usually without the stimulant side effects. The most common active ingredient in these is oxymetazoline. These can cause a "rebound" effect where symptoms can return if they are used for more than 3 days and then discontinued. It is important to read and follow the package label instructions.

Common brand names: loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec), and fexofenadine (Allegra). It is an antihistamine used to treat the symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Its major side effect is drowsiness or sleepiness, so it also is the active ingredient in many OTC sleeping pills.

Common brand names: Caltrate 600, Os-Cal 500, Rolaids, Tums), aluminum hydroxide (for example, ALternaGEL, Dialume), and magnesium hydroxide (Phillips Milk of Magnesia) These are antacids that work immediately to relieve acid indigestion and heartburn. They are available in both chewable tablets and liquid forms. Aluminum based antacids may cause constipation, and the magnesium based products may cause diarrhea. Maalox is a combination of the two types of antacids.

OTC medications to relieve constipation include glycerin suppositories as well as medications that help bulk-up and lubricate the stool. Bisacodyl (Correctol, Dulcolax), calcium docusate (Colace, Surfak), and Senna (Ex-lax, Senokot) are the most commonly available medicines. Laxative dependence is a problem that may 9 occur with laxative use; use of these drugs continually over one week indicates the individual should seek medical advice.

is often recommended as an OTC medication for the treatment of diarrhea. However, if constipation, ileus (constipation, abdominal distension, nausea, and vomiting), fever, or bloating occurs, the medication should be stopped

is considered the "Father of Medicine."

To identify non-ulcerforming and ulcer-forming tumors, Hippocrates used the words ______ and ______. In Greek, these phrases refer to a crab, most likely related to the disease because the cancer's finger-like projections brought the shape of a crab to mind.

the Roman physician, later turned the Greek term into cancer, the Latin word for crab.

The word oncos (Greek for swelling) was used to describe tumors by ____\, another Greek physician.

is a family of over 100 distinct diseases. Almost anywhere in the body, it can develop.

Cancer starts when this orderly process is messed with by genetic changes also known as…

An irregular growth of tissue resulting from uncontrolled growth of cells is a ____.

Tumors that are not cancerous. There is no spread of cancerous cells from tumors to other areas of the body. These are non life-threatening.

are cancerous. Cancer can spread close to the tumor to other tissues and organs. They can also spread to other sites in the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This spreading is called metastasis.

Cancer can spread close to the tumor to other tissues and organs. They can also spread to other sites in the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This spreading is called ______.

originates in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands. They could form solid tumors Eg. Prostate cancer, breast, lung, colon or rectum cancer

starts in the tissues that support and connect the body. It can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone. Eg. stomach and small intestinial cancer, bone cancer.

is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.

is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. It can affect all those areas as well as other organs throughout the body. Eg. Hodgkin’s disease, non-hodgkin's disease

is a type of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue at the centre of some bones that produces the body's blood cells. It is also called multiple ______ as the cancer often affects several areas of the body, such as the spine, skull, pelvis and ribs.

Risk factors of cancer: (6)

The known cancer-causing compounds are called..

Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals

Evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals Evidence suggest no carcinogenicity in experimental humans or animals

The human body, including those that may contribute to cancer, has defenses to protect against all kinds of harmful exposures. It also goes through a phase when something enters the body, which helps the body to use or get rid of it more quickly. This process is called…

3 types of carcinogens

a sample of tissue taken from the body in order to examine it more closely. A doctor should recommend a it when an initial test suggests an area of tissue in the body isn't normal.

imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. It is used to help diagnose the causes of pain, swelling and infection in the body's internal organs and to examine a baby in pregnant women and the brain and hips in infants. It's also used to help guide biopsies, diagnose heart conditions, and assess damage after a heart attack. it is safe, non-invasive, and does not use ionizing radiation.

a non-invasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Imaging with _____ involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. ______ are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imaging;

specialized medical imaging that uses a low-dose xray system to see inside the breasts. A ________ exam, called a _______, aids in the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases in women;

is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women;

which look for DNA from cancer-causing HPV types in cervical cells;

which check for blood in the stool; _____, which examines the lower colon; and _____, which examines the entire colon;

the use of x-rays to produce a crosssectional picture of body parts;

use of magnetic fields and radio waves to show changes in soft tissues without the use of x-rays.

are all painless and non-invasive; however, having too many of these can increase the risk of developing cancer because they expose you to radiation. In most cases the benefits outweigh the risks. Some people choose to do selfexams, such as feeling around their breasts or testicles for new lumps or looking over their skin.

are compounds that work by adding an alkyl group to the guanine base of the DNA molecule, preventing the strands of the double helix from linking as they should. This causes breakage of the DNA strands, affecting the ability of the cancer cell to multiply. Eventually, the cancer cell dies.

play a significant role in the treatment of lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and other malignancies. Anticancer drugs that contain these are cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil.

are called a “cytotoxic” type of drug because they kill cells. They work by mimicking the molecules that a cell needs to grow. Cells are tricked into taking in the drugs and then using these instead of their normal building blocks of genetic material: RNA and DNA. With the drugs on board, the cells can no longer copy their DNA, so they can’t divide into new cells

Example of antimetabolite that is used to treat certain types of cancer of the breast, skin, head and neck, or lung. It is also used to treat severe psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Other examples include 5-Fluorouracil and Cytosine Arabinoside.

These compounds are used to treat a wide range of cancers, including leukemias, lymphomas, and breast, uterine, ovarian, and lung cancers. Patients treated with _____ have been described in acute and chronic cardiovascular effects. The first, which can develop within a few minutes after administration and include hypotension and rhythm disturbances are usually reversible and easily treatable. However, _____ is also able to induce chronic myocardial damage, depending on the cumulative dose of drug administered and clinically characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, ventricular dilation and congestive heart failure. It has been calculated that, from 27 to 60% of patients who undergo this event by ______ die because of it.

is one of the most powerful chemotherapy drugs ever invented. It can kill cancer cells at every point in their life cycle, and it's used to treat a wide variety of cancers. Unfortunately, the drug can also damage heart cells, so a patient can't take it indefinitely.

is a drug that can treat many different cancers. Like many other chemotherapy drugs, it scrambles the DNA of cancer cells. Because it damages healthy DNA too, it can also cause longterm injury to the bone marrow, which, in a few rare cases, can lead to a new case of leukemia (cancer of certain white blood cells).

is an effective drug used for treating some cases of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, but it can damage nerves over time, leaving some people with decreased sensation in their hands and feet. The anticancer compound in this drug was first discovered in the bark of Pacific yew trees.

was first approved as a chemotherapy drug in 1962 and is one of the oldest chemotherapy drugs still prescribed today. It's primarily used to treat gastrointestinal cancers (including colon, rectal, stomach) and certain types of breast cancer.

is a relatively new chemotherapy drug that is effective at slowing the growth of several types of cancer. Used alone, it's a first-line treatment for pancreatic cancer that has spread or is inoperable. It's also used in combination to treat certain types of breast, ovarian, and lung cancers