問題一覧
1
Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Transports blood
2
Which of the following is NOT in the UPPER airway?
Bronchioles
3
How many turbinates are in the nose?
3
4
From top to bottom what order are the regions of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
5
Which of the following is NOT located in the LOWER airway?
Nasopharynx
6
What is the inner pleura of the lung called?
Visceral pleura
7
What is the outer pleura of the lung called?
Parietal pleura
8
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2
9
What is pulmonary ventialation?
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs
10
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood inside the pulmonary capillaries
11
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of ages between the blood in capillaries around the body and tissue cells
12
What is the first process of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
13
What is the second stage in the process of respiration?
External respiration
14
What is the last stage in the process of respiration?
Internal respiration
15
Which of the following are accessory muscles of respiration?
Sternocleidonastoid, Scalenes, Internal oblique, Transverse abdominus , external oblique, rectus abdominous
16
When a person inhales does the diaphragm contract or relax?
Contract (moves down)
17
When pressure in the lung decreases, air…
Rushes in
18
When pressure in the lungs increases, air…
Is pushed out
19
When gases diffuse what do they cross?
Semi permeable membrane
20
What does PaO2 denote?
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
21
In nervous control of respiration what does the Pons contain?
Pneumotaxic area, Apneustic area
22
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Medulla
23
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
Increase PCO2 and decrease in pH
24
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Aorta and carotid bodies
25
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Increase in PCO2 , decrease in PO2 and decrease in pH
26
Functions of the cardiovascular system, select all that apply.
Transport of nutrients , Removal of waste products from metabolic processes, Hormonal control, Temperature regulation, Reproduction, Host defence
27
From the inferior and superior vena cava’s , where does the blood go next?
Right atrium
28
From the right ventricle, what valve does blood then travel through?
Pulmonary valve
29
What is the inner most layer of the heart?
Endocardium
30
What is the inner layer of the heart?
endocardium
31
Where is the hearts natural pacemaker?
SA node
32
When does atrial systole begin?
During atrial contraction
33
When does ventricular systole first phase begin?
Ventricular contraction
34
When does the second phase of ventricular systole start?
Ventricular ejection
35
When does late ventricular diastole start
Ventriculsr filling
36
How much blood is pumped from the heart with each ventricular contraction? (Stroke Volume)
70ml
37
How do we work out Stroke Volume?
Preload + Contractility - Afterload
38
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
39
How do we work out cardiac output?
CO = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
40
What for Baroreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies sense?
A change in pressure
41
When Baroreceptors sense a change in pressure what does the aortic body stimulate?
Afferent vagus nerve
42
Where would you find agranulocytosis and agranulocytes?
White blood cells
43
Platelets are destroyed by macrophages in which organs?
Liver and Spleen
44
What is systolic blood pressure?
Maximum systemic pressure when the left ventricle contracts
45
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Minimum pressure left in the system when the left ventricle relaxes
46
What is blood pressure maintained by?
Cardiac output, Peripheral resistance, Blood volume, Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of blood vessels
47
A diastolic blood pressure reading greater than what should be brought to the attention of the receiving clinician?
100 mmHg
48
What are the 6 principal functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation
49
What does the digestive tract consist of
Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus , Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum and anal canal
50
Which of the following are accessory muscles of the digestive system?
Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder
51
Once chewed, the tongue pushes to good bolus where?
Pharynx
52
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
3
53
Is swallowing a voluntary action or reflex involuntary action?
Starts voluntary but completed by involuntary action
54
In the Pharynx, what prevents good bolus entering the trachea?
Epiglottis
55
How long is the Oesophagus?
25cm
56
In diameter, how big is the Oesophagus?
2mm
57
Where does the Oesophagus sit in relation to the vertebrae?
Anterior
58
Where does the Oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
59
How many sphincters does the Oesophagus have?
2
60
How is the Oesophagus connected to the stomach?
Superiorly
61
How long is the small intestine?
6m
62
How many sections is the small intestine divided into?
3
63
How long is the duodenum?
25cm
64
At which part of the small intestine do bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct enter?
Duodenum
65
How long is the Jejunum
2m
66
In which part of the small intestine does breakdown of food continue?
Jejunum
67
How long is the Illeum?
3m
68
Which part of the small intestine contains villi?
Illeum
69
In the small intestine where does absorption take place?
Illeum
70
What is the purpose of villi?
More surface area for absorption
71
How long is the large intestine (colon)
2m
72
Where does the large intestine (colon) commence?
end of Ileum
73
Where does the large intestine (colon) terminate?
rectum
74
What does the large intestine (colon) consist of?
Caecum, ascending colon, tranverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
75
Where does absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins take place?
Large intestine
76
How long is the rectum?
13cm
77
How long is the anal canal?
4cm
78
What does the liver convert excess amino acids to?
Urea
79
What vitamin does the liver synthesise?
Vitamin A
80
Nutrient rich blood flows into the liver from the intestines through what?
hepatic vein portal
81
The pancreas lies what to the stomach?
posterior
82
How many sections is the pancreas divided into?
3
83
Which pancreas produces pancreatic juice to digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats?
Exocrine
84
Which pancreas has specialised cells (Islets of Langerhans) that secrete insulin and glycogen directing my into the blood stream to control blood glucose levels
Endocrine
85
What doe Alpha cells create in the pancreas?
Glucagon
86
What do Beta cells create in the pancreas?
Insulin
87
Does the spleen break down red or white blood cells?
red
88
Does the spleen manufacture white blood cells or red blood cells?
white
89
Which ribs is the spleen under?
9 and 10
90
How much blood can be contained in the spleen?
240ml
91
Which kidney lies lower than the other?
Right
92
What organs do the kidneys allow room for?
Liver
93
The inner core of the Adrenal Gland is known as the Medulla, what does it secrete?
adrenaline, noradrenaline
94
The inner core of the adrenal glands is known as the cortex, , what does this secrete?
corticosteroids
95
How long are the ureters?
25-30cm long
96
Where does urine flow through the urethra to?
Outside of the body
97
Which organs have only anterior surfaces covered and are known as retriperironeal?
Pancreas, Spleen, Kidneys, Adrenal glands
98
Select the 3 main functions of the nervous system
Sensory (perception), Information transfer and processing, Motor function
99
The Nervous System is divided into two main sections :
Central Nervous System, Peripheral nervous system
100
What does CNS consist of?
Brain, Spinal cord