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61問 • 1年前

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The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450

used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ?

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ?

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

IT it were askea, wny ao we accept the theory or contagion, wnen already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

The decline of many major cities across Eurasia

IT it were askea, wny ao we accept the theory or contagion, wnen already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following?

Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation

Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes?

Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

"I am a griot... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes?

To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions?

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century?

The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship

The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city

was highly fortified against outside attacks

"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. (They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims." Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007 'Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars,... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it." Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138 The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage

presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?

Extent of trade routes

Archive World / Alamy Stock Photo The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?

States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ?

It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"?

The establishment of the Safavid Empire

The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions. The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it

could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population

The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions. Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ?

It was conquered by the Mughal Empire.

The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following?

Cultural syncretism

Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ?

Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires.

Which of the following imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?

The Manchu Empire in East Asia

The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ?

The collection of tribute

empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ?

Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority

The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following?

The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons

Which of the following empires in the period 1450-1750 engaged in a type of territorial expansion most similar to that depicted in Map 1 ?

The Mughal Empire

*The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT:

The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"?

The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?

The Maya were converted to Christianity.

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by

increased production of cash crops like sugar

The trade illustrated by the map contributed most directly to which of the following?

The Haitian Revolution

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of

sugar

Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?

The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that

in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage?

The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?

The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph?

Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.

"Americans today ... who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, ... or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of fields... cattle raising .. hunting wild game... mining gold." Simón Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815 In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following?

Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies

"Americans... who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity ... in short, do you wish to know what our future held?- simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, " Jamaica Letter," 1815 Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

Mercantilism

The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ?

The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ?

Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to

suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups

Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted?

Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry.

Which of the following most directly led to the arrival of substantial numbers of Africans in the Americas at the time of the painting?

The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops

Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century?

The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade

Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage?

Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following?

The development of trading-post empires

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that

Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ?

Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ?

Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.

During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.

these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." (Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies?

The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

(Judge's decision]. "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of

ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT

the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

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