Where does the appropriate definition of height sourced from?

that distance, measured upwards along a plumb line (line of force), between a point and a reference surface of constant geopotential.

the arithmetic mean of hourly heights recorded from a tide gauge for a specific 19-year Metonic cycle

the _____ is established by tying it to the MSL

The determinationof the MSL involves the installationof tide gauges at suitable places and taking one of them orthe mean of several of them as the ________

Tide gauge inside the bays influenced by ____and ____ factors may not give the true level

reference value for MSL is defined at a specific ____.

heights above MSL are carried out landward by means of __________ or _______

What causes the misclose of a geometric leveling measured even at utmost precision?

uncorrected leveling heights as ______ valued, which means that the result is ______ on the path taken

Heights from _________ leveling can only be physically meaningful if combined with _______ measurement.

are from a reference ellipsoid

referenced to the Earth’s gravity field

Measuring the heights from the local spheroid/ ellipsoid is quite a daunting task because it requires determination of the ______ of the _____ derived from _____ and _______ measurements

Heights derived from this method are normal to the surface of the said ellipsoid.

This type of height is a geometric quantity

Geopotential Heights and their Symbols or letters

potential difference between the potential of a point of interest and the potential of a point at the reference surface

1 GPU = _ kgal

____ cm²s^-2 = ____ m²s^-2

Which one is true?

inconvenience of height unit given in GPU or kgal-meter of a geopotential number can be resolve by dividing it by a gravity value to convert it to meter.

Y↓45 = ___ gal

What geopotential height is a physical quantity rather than geometric quantity?

Reason for unpopular use of dynamic height

Where does dynamic height be used?

Country that adopted dynamic height

Heights from precise leveling can be converted to dynamic heights by applying ____________

Heights measured above the geoid

length of the plumbline (curved- line distance) from the geoid to the point of interest

mean gravity can be computed if the actual values of gravity between the ____ and the _____can be determined.

Normal height was introduced by ______ in ______ to avoid making assumptionsof the earth’ s crust.

Molodensky showed that the “ physical surface of the earth can be determined from _____ measurements alone, without using the _____ of the earth’ s crust

The straight-line distance from the earth’ s surface and the telluroid is the _________

the normal height is extended downward from the earth’s surface it will yield the _______

the normal height is extended ______ from the earth’s surface it will yield the quasigeoid

height anomalies ζ are plotted above the ellipsoid this will also give the _______.

the ______ height is the height above the quasigeoid the _____ height is the height above the geoid

Countries that adopt normal height

The normal-orthometric height is similar to the normal heights except that the height anomaly ζ becomes the separation of the ______ and the _______

the distance from the quasigeiod to the point P on the earth’s surface along the normal plumbline.

Country that adapted normal orthometric

reference surface of normal orthometric height

the direct result of leveling and is of great scientific importance

natural “heights above sea level”, that is heights above the geoid.

In the ___ leveling line of ___ (____), leading from an elevation of ___ m to ___ m, the orthometric correction is about __ cm per_ km of measured differences.

one of the most accurate geodetic measurements.

Desired requirements of height system