promotes a holistic study of humans.

from two Greek words ‘antropos’ (human) and ‘logos’ (study).

can be defined as “the study of people—their origins, their development and contemporary variations, whereverand whenever theyhave been found on the face of the Earth.” (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine, 2010)

examines the remains of ancient and historical humans to promote an understanding of how humans have adapted to their environment and developed.

promotes the study of a society’s culture through its belief systems, practices, and possessions.

examines the language of a group of people and its relation to their culture.

looks into the biological development of humans and their contemporary variation.

attempts to solve contemporary problems through the application of theories and approaches of the discipline.

came from the Latin word ‘socius’ meaning companion and the Greek word ‘logos’ meaning to study.

It is a systematic study of human relationships along with human society and interaction.

delves into social problems that affect the behavior of an individual and a group.

has discipline-based concepts that aid in the understanding of human behavior and groups. The basic concept that sociology interprets is that of society

It can be defined as a product of human interaction as humans subscribe to the rules of their culture. It is an organization that caters to the human needs for belongingness in a group.

This is a compilation of ways and means by which humans interact with each other within the confines of society.

The Greek word ‘polis’ means city-state and science come from the Latin word ‘scire’ which means to know.

discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics.

It focuses widely on political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior. (Calilung F., 2014, p.7)

study of human’s past and present

study of society and social interaction taking place

study of the state and government

creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and integrating himself into the environment to survive.

Culture determines the outline of acceptable social behavior such as protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores, and laws.

carry-out meanings through different forms of verbal and non- verbal communication.

produces tangible objects relevant to men such as instruments, tools, equipment, structures, and all technological advancements.

Human connection and interconnectedness.

Symbolizing the identity of the members.

Representing political independence and economic interdependence.

Understands the theories, concepts and knowledge, and principles of governance as well as public administration and political dynamics.

Manifests the underlying principles of state policies and laws to be abided by and respected by all.

Prepares the student for a possible career path in the legal profession, government service, and another profession with high respect to legal matters and procedures.

Culture is a generic term yet very difficult to define. Aside from the famous definition of Tylor on culture, scholars and social scientists vary different perspectives on how to properly define it. Also, because of its wider scope, it encompasses everything about man, experts from several field find it complicated to boxed culture into one universal terminology. Spencer-Oatey (2012, p.2) compiled perspectives from scholars about culture.

It is what a person has, does, and thinks as part of society. This implies all of a person’s belief system, sets of behavior and material possessions. It consists of the material and nonmaterial.

includes all the tangible parts of culture, which includes clothes, food, and even buildings.

includes all the intangible parts of culture, which consist of values, ideas, and knowledge.

Culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices that an individual learns through his or her family, school, church, and other social institutions. The process of learning your own culture is called enculturation. As you interact with your immediate family and peers, you learned the values and accepted behaviors in your society.

The process of learning your own culture

Due to constant interaction between societies, culture can be modified to accommodate desirable traits from other cultures.

culture has been lost and even the cultural trait itself is in the process of being forgotten.

The set of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that a person possesses is part of a greater collection of values and ideas that are communally owned and practiced by members of society.

Humans are born into cultures that have values on beauty and body. As such, they alter their bodies to fit into the physiological norms that are dictated by culture.

A culture is a tool for survival that humans use in response to the pressures of their environment.

Culture can also cause problems for the people who subscribe to it. For example, the “car culture” present in most societies is getting maladaptive as the environments get more polluted.

These are the standard expected behavior within a society

these are norms that have firm control over moral and ethical behavior.

these are ordinances of reason enacted to protect the people from the bad effects of outdated mores.

these are behaviors less important yet still influence our behavior.

This is anything that carries a meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

These are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

These are specific statements that people hold to be true.

It refers to a form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing system.

The term society also makes an impact on several experts in the field of social science. It made them understand that society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and liberties. Their perspectives paved the way for modern scholars to have a better understanding of society. As the Father of Sociology, Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and said that society is a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function his followers were motivated to give their own perspective on this.

described emerging societies as societies of survival primarily based on the concept of natural law. Members of each society must learn to adapt to their surroundings to outlast the prevailing conditions present in their environment.

had a different take on society. He postulated that societies develop through class conflicts. There is always a struggle between the workers and the capitalist due to the exploitation of the latter by the former which is essential in provoking social change. The only way to end this conflict is through social revolution.

defined an institution as an organized system of social relationships that represent a society’s common values and procedures.

This is a stable, valued, recurring pattern that guides the behavior of people in society. Once the elements of culture become so integrated that activities are already formalized on a unit basis, institutions surface in society.

For most people, the process of socialization begins in the family. Family is the first source through which they commence their social communication.

group of people of approximately the same age, sharing similar interests and probably belonging to similar backgrounds. Peers help a person experience things beyond what his/her family allows.

In this institution, an average person spends most of his/her young life.

is one of the most powerful agents of socialization which is linked with concepts and values people identify themselves with.

is an indirect agent of socialization.This means, though we do not come in contact with the institution directly, it does have an impact on our social life and well-being.

refers to the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is considered as part of a person's self-conception and self-perception.

It pertains to one’s nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

A group’s beliefs and behaviors that are passed down from one generation to another

Shared characteristics of the entire group, which has been amassed throughout its history.

The ability of a person to recognize the different beliefs, values and customs that someone has based on the individual’s origins.

Essentially consists of the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual’s upbringing.

The personal traits and social roles of the male and female members of society.

The state of being either masculine or feminine.

A position in society

Is the behavior expected of a status.

Level of an individual’s social standing and financial position in the society. Totality of a person’s social position and wealth combined.

Status of every individual from the sociological and economic points of view.

A person’s standing or rank in the social leader of stratification based on prestige, power, popularity, etc.

A person’s place in the society’s economic stratification based on wealth, property and total assets.

A condition in which a social group belongs to a common national or cultural tradition. A large group of people who have certain racial, cultural, religious or other traits in common.

a feeling of superiority towards one’s own group over other groups.

A relatively neutral cultural perspective.

It was coined by John Lubbock in 1865. Derived from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which means “old” and ‘lithic’, “stone”. Happened 2.5 million years ago

Known as “Old Stone Age” or Ice Age due to the climate being cold and lowered ocean levels.

People are nomads and use simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. Caves are their shelter

They discovered fire through the use of stone for their protection against cold temperature.

Also called the First Agricultural Revolution. Coined with the Greek Word ‘neo’ which means “New” and lithic “Stone”. Cultural era where people employed polished stone tools as replacements for rough stones.

Transition from hunting to agriculture and settlement kind of society. Developed boats as means of transportation and for fishing as well.

From being nomads during the early stage, humans began to develop a sedentary type of society in which they built up villages and towns.

The use of metals such as bronze, iron, and copper

Was the first known metal and has a low hardness and it was used in making ornaments

An alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than copper

During this age, agricultural tools were developed. Created military weapons. Tribes, Empires, States were recognized at this point.

The nation-state developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe, the nation-state as we know did not exist.

Most people back then did not consider themselves part of a nation and likely identified themselves with their region or local lord.

A concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages that gained public prominence during the emergence of capitalist modernity.

A process by which democracy expands, within a state or across the world.

Main economic activity is food production carried out through the utilization of human and animal labor.

Subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food.

Humans gather and hunt around for food.

Domesticated herd of animals to meet their need for food.

Raise fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots. Slash-and-Burn method or kaingin system to raise crops

Extensive cultivation of crops and raising of farm animals

Wealthy people acquire lands and declare them as their own domain. They exploited humans into providing foods, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowners

New economic System that emerged between the 15th and 16th centuries